Programmed Death Ligand 2 in Cancer-Induced Immune Suppression

Rozali, Esdy N.; Hato, Stanleyson V.; Robinson, Bruce; Lake, Richard; Lesterhuis, W. Joost

doi:10.1155/2012/656340

Cited by 295 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Differences may be attributed to the specificity of avelumab for PD‐L1, which leaves PD‐L2/PD‐1 interactions intact and allows for maintenance of immune homeostasis18, 19; however, additional evidence is required to fully understand the contribution of PD‐L2. Furthermore, differences in study design, eligibility criteria, and methodology for defining irAEs may account for variations in incidences across trials of ICI monotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety profile of avelumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pooled analysis of data from the phase 1 JAVELIN solid tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 clinical trials

Kelly

Infante

Taylor

et al. 2018

Cancer

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BACKGROUNDAntibodies targeting the programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) checkpoint may cause adverse events (AEs) that are linked to the mechanism of action of this therapeutic class and unique from those observed with conventional chemotherapy.METHODSPatients with advanced solid tumors who were enrolled in the phase 1 JAVELIN Solid Tumor (1650 patients) and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 (88 patients) trials received avelumab, a human anti–PD‐L1 IgG1 antibody at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Treatment‐related AEs (TRAEs) were graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0). In post hoc analyses, immune‐related AEs (irAEs) were identified via an expanded AE list and medical review, and infusion‐related reactions (IRRs) occurring ≤2 days after infusion and symptoms occurring ≤1 day after infusion and resolving ≤2 days after onset were identified based on prespecified Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terms.RESULTSOf the 1738 patients analyzed, grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 177 (10.2%); the most common were fatigue (17 patients; 1.0%) and IRR (10 patients; 0.6%). TRAEs led to discontinuation in 107 patients (6.2%) and death in 4 patients (0.2%). Grade ≥3 irAEs occurred in 39 patients (2.2%) and led to discontinuation in 34 patients (2.0%). IRRs or related symptoms occurred in 439 patients (25.3%; grade 3 in 0.5% [9 patients] and grade 4 in 0.2% [3 patients]). An IRR occurred at the time of first infusion in 79.5% of 439 patients who had an IRR, within the first 4 doses in 98.6% of 439 patients who had an IRR, and led to discontinuation in 35 patients (2.0%).CONCLUSIONSAvelumab generally was found to be well tolerated and to have a manageable safety profile. A minority of patients experienced grade ≥3 TRAEs or irAEs, and discontinuation was uncommon. IRRs occurred mainly at the time of first infusion, and repeated events were infrequent. Cancer 2018;124:2010‐7. © 2018 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety profile of avelumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pooled analysis of data from the phase 1 JAVELIN solid tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 clinical trials

Kelly

Infante

Taylor

et al. 2018

Cancer

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“…Cho, J. Koh, D.H. Chung, H. Go, manuscript submitted for publication) revealed that PD-L2 expression in primary CCRCC was associated with LN metastasis and poor prognosis. Both PD-L1 and PD-L2 are expected to play a key role in cancer-induced immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment [26,27]. However, Ghiotto et al [28] showed that PD-L1 interacts with not only PD-1 but also CD80, and significant conformational changes occur upon PD-L1/PD-1 interaction, which is not the case for PD-L2/PD-1 interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Ghiotto et al [28] showed that PD-L1 interacts with not only PD-1 but also CD80, and significant conformational changes occur upon PD-L1/PD-1 interaction, which is not the case for PD-L2/PD-1 interaction. Furthermore, PD-L1 competes with PD-L2 for PD-1 binding.The affinity of PD-L2 to PD-1 is much higher than that to PD-L1, but PD-L2 expression is more dependent on environmental cues than PD-L1 [27].Thus, it is possible that the effects of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on TKI responsiveness and prognosis could be distinct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association Between PD-L1 Expression and the Clinical Outcomes to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Targeted Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2015

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Purpose. To evaluate the maximum tolerated regimen (MTR), dose‐limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of pazopanib, an oral small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, and c‐Kit, in combination with paclitaxel. Patients and Methods. Pazopanib was given daily with weekly paclitaxel on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Dose levels of pazopanib (mg/day)/paclitaxel (mg/m2) were 400/15, 800/15, 800/50, and 800/80. An expanded cohort was enrolled at the MTR. Plasma samples were collected to evaluate the effect of pazopanib, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4, on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel, a CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 substrate. Results. Of 26 enrolled patients, 17 were treated at the MTR of 800 mg pazopanib and 80 mg/m2 paclitaxel. Dose‐limiting toxicities included a grade 3 abscess and grade 2 hyperbilirubinemia. Other toxicities included elevated liver transaminases and diarrhea. Six patients (23%) had partial responses and 15 patients (58%) had stable disease. Administration of 800 mg pazopanib resulted in a 14% lower paclitaxel clearance and a 31% higher paclitaxel maximal concentration than with administration of paclitaxel alone at 15, 50, and 80 mg/m2. At the MTR, coadministration of 800 mg pazopanib and 80 mg/m2 paclitaxel resulted in a 26% higher geometric mean paclitaxel area under the curve. Conclusion. Pazopanib, at a dose of 800 mg daily, can be safely combined with a therapeutic dose of paclitaxel at 80 mg/m2 when administered on days 1, 8, and 15, every 28 days. The observed greater plasma concentrations of paclitaxel given concurrently with pazopanib suggest that pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8.

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“…PD-L1 is broadly expressed in immune and nonimmune cells, whereas PD-L2 expression is limited to activated macrophages, suggesting that PD-L1 plays an important role in peripheral immune tolerance. [6][7][8]12 During chronic viral infection, interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 or PD-L2 leads to T-cell exhaustion that is reversed by blockade of PD-1 or programmed cell death-1 ligands (PD-Ls). 6,8,13 Furthermore, PD-1 + T cells were observed in tumor tissues and were functionally impaired upon engagement by PD-L1 or PD-L2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Clinicopathologic analysis of programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expressions in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: comparison with histology and driver oncogenic alteration status

et al. 2015

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Immunotherapies targeting the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 pathway have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. However, the expression pattern and prognostic implications of programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 and programmed cell death-1 in comparison with the histology and genetic alterations in pulmonary adenocarcinomas remains unclear and thus were addressed here. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expression in tumor cells and the quantities of programmed cell death-1 + and CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were immunohistochemically evaluated in 497 resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas and analyzed according to clinicopathological and genetic statuses. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expression were observed in 59% and 64% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas, respectively, and showed a strong positive correlation with each other (Po 0.001). Programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression was higher in nodal metastasis cases (P = 0.006), smokers (P = 0.056), poorly differentiated tumors and histologic subtypes of solid and micropapillary patterns (Po0.001). There was no significant difference in programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expression according to EGFR mutation status. However, programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression was correlated with ALK translocation (P = 0.054) and expression of EGFR and MET (Po 0.001). Meanwhile, programmed cell death-ligand 2 expression was correlated with ALK translocation (P = 0.052), and expression of MET (Po 0.001) and ERBB2 (P = 0.013). The numbers of CD8 + and programmed cell death-1 + lymphocytes were higher in smokers (P = 0.012 and 0.016) and MET-expressing adenocarcinomas (Po 0.001). Patients expressing programmed cell death-ligand 1 and/or high ratios of programmed cell death-1 + /CD8 + lymphocytes showed shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.001). Our study demonstrated that programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expression varied with histology, EGFR, ALK, MET, and ERBB2 statuses, and activation of the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 pathway may be a poor prognostic factor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

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Programmed Death Ligand 2 in Cancer-Induced Immune Suppression

Cited by 295 publications

References 74 publications

Safety profile of avelumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pooled analysis of data from the phase 1 JAVELIN solid tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 clinical trials

Safety profile of avelumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pooled analysis of data from the phase 1 JAVELIN solid tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 clinical trials

The Association Between PD-L1 Expression and the Clinical Outcomes to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Targeted Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clinicopathologic analysis of programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 expressions in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: comparison with histology and driver oncogenic alteration status

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