“…Since the discovery of well-mixed chemical oscillators (1,2), synthetic reaction networks with complex temporal dynamics have been engineered based on small-molecule interactions, such as redox chemistries (3). More recently, the information-based chemistry underlying the central dogma of molecular biology has been used to create a variety of dynamical systems, such as bistable switches and oscillators in living cells (4)(5)(6)(7) and in simplified cell-free systems (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) that involve a limited number of enzymes. However, the range of dynamical behaviors demonstrated by synthetic systems does not yet approach the complexity and sophistication of biological circuits (15,16).…”