Progress and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines and Current Understanding of SARS-CoV-2- Specific Immune Responses

Kim, Kyun Do; Hwang, Insu; Ku, Keun Bon; Lee, Sumin; Kim, Seong Jun; Kim, Chonsaeng

doi:10.4014/jmb.2006.06006

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…CD8‐T cells directly destroy infected cells through cytotoxicity. 10 , 11 Regarding humoral response, SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen‐specific antibodies are detected in the first weeks since symptoms onset, reaching peak levels in the third week. Neutralizing antibodies, which bind to the Spike (S) protein and prevent interaction with the cellular receptor ACE2 are also generated, granting immune protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 by disabling viral entry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neutralizing antibodies, which bind to the Spike (S) protein and prevent interaction with the cellular receptor ACE2 are also generated, granting immune protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 by disabling viral entry. 11 Antibody durability has not yet been uniformly established, although some studies suggest that levels decrease just after reaching a peak. 12 , 13 Despite this, as antibody levels that offer protection have not been determined, this decrease may not imply loss of immunity against reinfections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Negative immune responses to two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in renal allograft recipients assessed with simple antibody and interferon gamma release assay cellular monitoring

Crespo

Barrilado-Jackson²,

Padilla³

et al. 2022

American Journal of Transplantation

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Studies are urgently needed to characterize immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) mRNA vaccines in kidney transplant (KT) recipients, excluded from major clinical trials. Complex ELISPOT and other cellular response techniques have been applied, but simpler tools are needed. An easy‐to‐use real‐world monitoring of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies against the Spike protein and QuantiFERON ® SARS‐CoV‐2 IFNγ release assay (IGRA) were performed at baseline and 28 days after the second dose in KT recipients and controls (dialysis patients and healthy ones). All healthy controls and >95% dialysis controls became positive for anti‐S IgG antibodies, while only 63.3% of KT patients seroconverted with a very low antibody level. A positive IGRA was documented in 96.9% of controls, 89.3% peritoneal dialysis, 77.6% hemodialysis, 61.3% of KT patients transplanted more than 1 year ago and only 36% of those transplanted within the previous 12 months. Overall, 100% of healthy controls, 95.4% of dialysis patients and 78.8% KT recipients developed any immune response (humoral and/or cellular) against SARS‐CoV‐2. KT patients showed low rates of immune responses to mRNA Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 vaccines, especially those with recent transplantations. Simple humoral and cellular monitoring is advisable, so that repeated doses may be scheduled according to the results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative immune responses to two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in renal allograft recipients assessed with simple antibody and interferon gamma release assay cellular monitoring

Crespo

Barrilado-Jackson²,

Padilla³

et al. 2022

American Journal of Transplantation

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“…Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, at time of writing (August 6, 2021) globally affected more than 202 million of people and caused more than 4 million deaths [ 1 ], while about 4 million confirmed cases and 128,220 deaths occurred in Italy. Beyond the public health measures implemented for containing the pandemic [ 2 ], huge efforts have been undertaken for the vaccine development and administration [ 3 , 4 ], being the most effective way to prevent disease and outcomes [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Surveillance of Adverse Events in Healthcare Workers Recipients After Vaccination with COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty): A Cross-Sectional Study

Ripabelli

Tamburro

Buccieri³

et al. 2021

J Community Health

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In this cross-sectional study, adverse events after the first and second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty) vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 were investigated among employees of clinics in central Italy. A 42-items questionnaire was administrated to vaccine recipients. Adverse events were classified based on severity and occurrence as reported in the literature. A descriptive/univariate analysis using Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests was performed. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess risk factors. 340 individuals (61.5% females; median age 49 years) participated. Adverse events were reported by 279 (82%) and 281 (82.6%) individuals as induced by the first and second dose, respectively. Mild reactions were mainly reported (80.9% and 80.3%), followed by moderate (11.8% and 37.1%) and severe (3.8% and 4.7%). Adverse events were identical to those already described as very common (81.8% and 80.6%), although vaccine-coincidental events not cited in the literature were reported by 6% and 15.6% following each dose. Age ≤ 55 years was a risk factor for any adverse event after each injection (ORs: 2.942 and 2.818), as well as female sex for those mild (ORs: 1.856 and 2.818) and common (ORs: 3.452 and 2.145). Findings were consistent with national reports as most of the adverse events were mild and associated with female sex and young age, while investigations are needed for reactions not described elsewhere. Data are useful to support the vaccine safety profile, also because largely targeted healthcare personnel more skilled than general population in self-diagnosis of health-related issues.

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“…Our results showed lower total lymphocyte count and higher level of CRP in patients with severe COVID-19. In COVID-19, the total lymphocyte count is decreased because during infection, SARS-CoV-2 enters the lymph nodes, spleen, and other immune system organs to replicate and destroys the lymphocytes thereafter (Kim et al, 2020). CRP is also an important laboratory test index reflecting the level of inflammatory response (Felger et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

He-Jie-Shen-Shi Decoction as an Adjuvant Therapy on Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort and Potential Mechanistic Study

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Combination therapy using Western and traditional Chinese medicines has shown notable effects on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The He-Jie-Shen-Shi decoction (HJSS), composed of Bupleurum chinense DC., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., and nine other herbs, has been used to treat severe COVID-19 in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacies of HJSS combination therapy and Western monotherapy against severe COVID-19 and to study the potential action mechanism of HJSS. From February 2020 to March 2020, 81 patients with severe COVID-19 in Wuhan Tongji Hospital were selected for retrospective cohort study. Network pharmacology was conducted to predict the possible mechanism of HJSS on COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Targets of active components in HJSS were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and PharmMapper databases. The targets of COVID-19 and ARDS were obtained from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. The key targets of HJSS in COVID-19 and ARDS were obtained based on the protein–protein interaction network (PPI). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis (KEGG) was conducted to predict the pathways related to the targets of HJSS in COVID-19 and ARDS. A “herb-ingredient-target-pathway” network was established using Cytoscape 3.2.7. Results showed that the duration of the negative conversion time of nucleic acid was shorter in patients who received HJSS combination therapy. HJSS combination therapy also relieved fever in patients with severe COVID-19. Network pharmacology analysis identified interleukin (IL) 6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), catalase (CAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1, tumor protein p53 (TP53), CC-chemokine ligand (CCL2), MAPK3, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and IL1B as the key targets of HJSS in COVID-19-related ARDS. KEGG analysis suggested that HJSS improved COVID-19-related ARDS by regulating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, NOD-like receptor, TNF, T cell receptor, sphingolipid, PI3K-Akt, toll-like receptor, VEGF, FoxO, and MAPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, HJSS can be used as an adjuvant therapy on severe COVID-19. The therapeutic mechanisms may be involved in inhibiting viral replication, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress and alleviating lung injury. Further studies are required to confirm its clinical efficacies and action mechanisms.

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Progress and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines and Current Understanding of SARS-CoV-2- Specific Immune Responses

Cited by 20 publications

References 69 publications

Negative immune responses to two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in renal allograft recipients assessed with simple antibody and interferon gamma release assay cellular monitoring

Negative immune responses to two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in renal allograft recipients assessed with simple antibody and interferon gamma release assay cellular monitoring

Active Surveillance of Adverse Events in Healthcare Workers Recipients After Vaccination with COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty): A Cross-Sectional Study

He-Jie-Shen-Shi Decoction as an Adjuvant Therapy on Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort and Potential Mechanistic Study

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