“…Various techniques have been used, containing the utilization of porous materials (Izadi et al 2019 , Peng et al 2021 ), microchannel heat sinks (Izadi et al 2013a , Mehryan et al 2020b , Lanjwani et al 2021 ), inserts (such as twisted strips, coils, swirling flow devices, and turbulators) (Zaboli et al 2019 , Shehzad et al 2021a , Ajarostaghi et al 2022 , Noorbakhsh et al 2022 , Izadi et al 2023b ), and rough surfaces. For example, wavy surfaces (He et al 2022 ), elongated surfaces (such as fins) (Goel and Singh 2021 , Shehzad et al 2021b ), depressions and ridges (Cao et al 2021a ), change material (Shehzad et al 2021a , Izadi et al 2022a , Xiong et al 2022 ), nanofluids (Izadi et al 2013b , Valipour et al 2017 , Mohammadpour et al 2022 ), spiral tubes (Xu et al 2022 ), and helical tubes (Rashidi et al 2021 ). Some passive methods focused on improving the rate of heat exchange are further discussed in the following.…”