Progress and Challenges of Messenger RNA Vaccines in the Therapeutics of NSCLC

Abstract

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the therapeutics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been a game-changer in the management of patients with lung cancer; however, challenges do exist since a non-negligible subset of patients does not respond to therapy. Various immunotherapeutic anticancer strategies have been increasingly developed in recent years, including monoclonal antibodies, adoptive T-cell therapy, and vaccines. Fueled by their rapid drug development and successful implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represent an emerging therapeutic approach in other fields of medicine, including oncology. Several clinical trials are currently being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines regarding a variety of solid tumors. Combining mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic approaches has also been suggested and is currently under investigation. Although, in the case of NSCLC, the investigation is still in its early stages, the initial results raise the need for clinician awareness of these promising therapies. To this end, in the present review, we aim to summarize current advances in the development of mRNA vaccines in NSCLC therapeutics and discuss pragmatic challenges regarding their drug development and the different opportunities for implementation.

mRNA vaccine development and applications: A special focus on tumors (Review)

“…A small number of mRNA cancer vaccine clinical studies have been conducted so far ( 122 ). The majority of trials have focused on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ( 123 ), multiple myeloma ( 124 ), mesothelioma ( 125 ), glioblastoma ( 126 ), malignant glioma ( 127 ) and renal cell carcinoma ( 128 ), as well as mRNA vaccines for pancreatic cancer ( 129 ), melanoma ( 130 ), BCa ( 131 ), non-small cell lung cancer ( 132 ), prostate cancer ( 133 ), ovarian cancer ( 134 ) and colorectal cancer ( 135 ) and are still in their early stages (I and II) ( 136 - 140 ) ( Fig. 5 ).…”