Progress and emerging techniques for biomaterial-based derivation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)

Abstract

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for clinical purposes has skyrocketed in the past decade. Their multilineage differentiation potentials and immunomodulatory properties have facilitated the discovery of therapies for various illnesses. MSCs can be isolated from infant and adult tissue sources, which means they are easily available. However, this raises concerns because of the heterogeneity among the various MSC sources, which limits their effective use. Variabilities arise from donor- and tissue-specific differences, such as age, sex, and tissue source. Moreover, adult-sourced MSCs have limited proliferation potentials, which hinders their long-term therapeutic efficacy. These limitations of adult MSCs have prompted researchers to develop a new method for generating MSCs. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells and induced PSCs (iPSCs), can differentiate into various types of cells. Herein, a thorough review of the characteristics, functions, and clinical importance of MSCs is presented. The existing sources of MSCs, including adult- and infant-based sources, are compared. The most recent techniques for deriving MSCs from iPSCs, with a focus on biomaterial-assisted methods in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems, are listed and elaborated. Finally, several opportunities to develop improved methods for efficiently producing MSCs with the aim of advancing their various clinical applications are described.

Dual‐Targeting Nanovesicles Carrying CSF1/CD47 Identified from Single‐Cell Transcriptomics of Innate Immune Cells in Heart Transplant for Alleviating Acute Rejection

“…These limitations can be resolved by iPSC-MSCs with an unlimited supply, as well as stemness. [44] Given the advantages of iPSC-MSCs, we hypothesized that CSF1/CD47 dual-targeting NVs derived from IFN-𝛾-stimulated iPSCs-MSCs could be developed to realize more efficient treatment in easing graft rejection. We found that CSF1/CD47 NVs not only inhibited the phagocytosis of NVs by macrophages and prolonged the action time of CSF1 on NVs, but also inhibited the phagocytosis of other grafted targets by macrophages.…”

Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Based Therapy against Gliomas

“…Gliomas can escape the immune system by secreting immunosuppressive agents, inhibiting T cell proliferation, and reducing immune responses. An immunotherapy strategy for treating gliomas is the administration of therapeutic genes to stimulate an immune MSCs are relatively easy to isolate, culture, expand, and differentiate in vitro, making them excellent candidates for cell therapy [17][18][19][20][21][22]. MSC collection and isolation protocols are not standardized, making it difficult to compare studies to determine the precise mechanisms of MSCs' migration.…”

Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

“…It is important to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of introducing a biomaterial. Biomaterials have the capacity to be conjugated with various growth factors that may promote the growth and maturation of iPSCs [44,45]. Similarly, the use of a biomaterial promotes the creation of 3-dimensional cell growth environments, giving further control over cell behavior, motility, and morphology [46].…”