Progress and prospects of biomarkers in�primary liver cancer (Review)

Abstract

Tumor biomarkers are important in the early screening, diagnosis, therapeutic evaluation, recurrence and prognosis prediction of tumors. Primary liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors; it has high incidence and mortality rates and seriously endangers human health. The main pathological types of primary liver cancer include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and combined HCC-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC). In the present review, a systematic outline of the current biomarkers of primary liver cancer is presented, from conventional blood biomarkers, histochemical biomarkers and potential biomarkers to resistance-associated biomarkers. The important relationships are deeply elucidated between biomarkers and diagnosis, prognosis, clinicopathological features and resistance, as well as their clinical significance, in patients with the three main types of primary liver cancer. Moreover, a summary of several important biomarker signaling pathways is provided, which is helpful for studying the biological mechanism of liver cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide help for clinical or medical researchers in the early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of HCC.

SUMO-Activating Enzyme Subunit 1 (SAE1) Is a Promising Diagnostic Cancer Metabolism Biomarker of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…Similarly, histochemical biomarkers of HCC including glypican-3 (GPC-3), hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), glutamine synthetase (GS), arginase-1 (Arg-1), cytokeratin 7 and 19 (CK7 and CK19) are also plagued with same weakness in spite of their overall strength [8,9]. Against the background of this diagnostic challenge, the discovery of a biomarker with high and reliable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and validity remain an unmet need in hepato-oncology clinics.…”

Clinical Effect of Iodine-125 Seed Implantation in Patients with Primary Liver Cancer and Its Effect on Th1/Th2 Cells in Peripheral Blood

“…The pathogenesis of primary liver cancer has not been clarified, but is generally believed to be related to cirrhosis viral hepatitis and chemical carcinogens such as aflatoxin [ 1 ]. Due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms in the early stage of primary liver cancer, with the prolongation of the course of the disease, the clinical manifestations are mostly liver pain, systemic and digestive tract symptoms, and liver enlargement, leading to great difficulty in clinical diagnosis and treatment; therefore, most patients are diagnosed in the middle and late stages [ 2 , 3 ]. Chemotherapy is a common method for the clinical treatment of primary liver cancer.…”

Immune infiltrating cells in cholangiocarcinoma may become clinical diagnostic markers: based on bioinformatics analysis.

“…Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a malignant tumor originating from the secondary bile duct and its branch epithelium [1]. Among primary liver tumors, the incidence of ICC is second only to hepatocellular carcinoma, and the incidence of ICC in China is on the rise.…”