Progress and Prospects of Reactive Oxygen Species in Metal Carcinogenesis

Abstract

Carcinogenesis induced by environmental metal exposure is a major public health concern. The exact mechanisms underlying metal carcinogenesis remain elusive. In the past few decades, the relationship between metal induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanism of metal carcinogenesis has been established. The carcinogenic process is a very complex one. In the early stage of metal carcinogenesis or cell transformation high levels of ROS are oncogenic by causing DNA damage, genetic instability, epigenetic alteration, and metabolic reprogramming, leading to malignant transformation. In the second stage of metal carcinogenesis or the cancer development of metal-transformed cells, low levels of ROS are carcinogenic by promoting apoptosis resistance. The metal-transformed cells have the property of autophagy deficiency, resulting in accumulation of p62 and constitutive activation of Nrf2, and leading to higher levels of antioxidants, decreased levels of ROS, apoptosis resistance, inflammation, and angiogenesis. This review summarizes the most recent development in the field of metal carcinogenesis with emphasis on the difference in cellular events between early (cell transformation) and late (after cell transformation) stages of metal carcinogenesis.

Chromium (III) and chromium (VI) as important players in the induction of genotoxicity – current view

“…The ability of Cr(pic) 3 to form free peroxide radicals appears to be due to the presence of an aromatic bidentate ligand in the structure. For chromium complexes with amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline and lysine), such as glycinate and propionate, mutagenic properties have not been confirmed [52,53,54].…”

Sensors, Imaging Agents, and Theranostics to Help Understand and Treat Reactive Oxygen Species Related Diseases

“…H 2 O 2 is the most common ROS that exists in living systems, playing an important role in a myriad of biological processes such as cellular signal transduction acting as a secondary messenger . Despite not being a free radical, H 2 O 2 is actively involved in many cellular processes as an oxidant or, sometimes, a reductant .…”

“…H 2 O 2 is the most common ROS that exists in living systems, playing an important role in a myriad of biological processes such as cellular signal transduction acting as a secondary messenger. [9][10][11] Despite not being a free radical, H 2 O 2 is actively involved in many cellular processes as an oxidant or, sometimes, a reductant. [24][25][26] Since it can freely diffuse through cell Arylboronic esters are among the most commonly used units for the detection of H 2 O 2 with good sensitivity.…”

“…In general, the ROS family consists of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH • ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ), hypochloric acid/hypochlorite (HClO/ClO − ), and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ), which is also defined as a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) . In addition to their physiological roles, ROS are also implicated in a wide range of diseases (ROS‐related diseases) . An abnormally high intracellular concentration of ROS (oxidative stress) in cells, can lead to cellular dysfunction, and finally progression into disease states such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) …”

Chrome – a just well-known or still unknown element – two faces of action

“…Ponadto, zdolność pikolinianu chromu(III) do nasilania syntezy rodników nadtlenkowych wynika, jak się wydaje, z obecności w strukturze aromatycznego ligandu dwudonorowego. Dla kompleksów chromu z aminokwasami (argininą, kwasem asparaginowym, glicyną, hydroksyproliną i lizyną), a także dla glicynianu i propionianu chromu nie potwierdzono zdolności mutagennych badanych kompleksów [3,56,57].…”