Progress in Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

LIBs), flow batteries like Ni-MH, Ni-Cd and Pb-acid, Na/NiCl 2 , Na-S, Li-O 2 , and Li-S batteries have been considered as potential energy storage devices for ESSs. [5][6][7] The flow batteries like Ni-MH, Ni-Cd, and Pb-acid were feasible in past, whereas the environment pollution and safe risk caused by these batteries have deviated away from the parameters of ESSs. Although the Li-O 2 and Li-S batteries appear to offer the great hope for ESSs by virtue of extremely high energy density, the extensive material challenges and barriers involving electrodes, electrolytes, interfaces, and additive materials could have a profound effect on stabilizing electrode-electrolyte interactions. [8] The practical application of Li-ion batteries has attracted enormous attention and realized in portable devices due to their high energy density and long cycle, and the Li-ion aqueous systems can be a possible substitute for conventional aqueous rechargeable systems such as Ni-MH, Ni-Cd, and Pb-acid since the first aqueous Li-ion battery (ALIB) developed by Dahn and coworkers in 1994. [9][10][11] However, there are some intrinsic characteristics including the growing price of Li resources and safety to make the current LIBs less attractive for large-scale stationary ESSs.Compared with Li, sodium (Na) is the sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust, making it be investigated as a guest ion to develop less expensive and easy accessibility of Na rechargeable battery systems. The early research has focused on high-temperature Na rechargeable battery systems such as Na/NiCl 2 and Na-S batteries, but the safety issue of molten Na and sulfur at 300-350 °C in Na-S batteries is also a remarkable problem for large-scale applications. [6] Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) offer multiple advantages such as wide abundance in the earth's crust, a Sodium (Na) is one of the more abundant elements on earth and exhibits similar chemical properties as lithium (Li), indicating that Na could be applied to a similar battery system. Like aqueous Li-ion batteries, aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) are also demonstrated to be one of the most promising stationary power sources for sustainable energies such as wind and solar power. Compared to traditional nonaqueous batteries, ASIBs may solve the safety problems associated with the highly toxic and flammable organic electrolyte in the traditional lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. During the past decades, many efforts are made to improve the performance of the ASIBs. The present review focuses on the latest advances in the exploration and development of ASIB systems and related components, including cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes. Previously reported studies are briefly summarized, together with the presentation of new findings based on the electrochemical performance, cycling stability, and morphology approaches. In addition, the main opportunities, achievements, and challenges in this field are briefly commented and discussed. www.advancedsciencenews.com seemingly unlimited distributi...

Recent Progress of Rechargeable Batteries Using Mild Aqueous Electrolytes

“…In the case of the electrode materials for ASIBs, the choice of electrode materials is limited due to the larger radius of Na + (0.102 nm) . Especially the anode materials, only few materials (activated carbon (AC), NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , polyaniline, and PPy) have been developed in recent years .…”

Electrolytes for Dual‐Carbon Batteries

“…The use of an aqueous solution instead of organic liquids as an electrolyte solvent for DCBs would be safer and more environmentally benign. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes (<1.5 V) restricts their application in DCBs ,. Fortunately, the aqueous electrolytes with expanded electrochemical windows have been well established through increasing the salt concentration; and a state‐of‐the‐art aqueous electrolyte can withstand a voltage of 5.1 V vs. Li/Li + .…”

“…However, the narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes (< 1.5 V) restricts their application in DCBs. [124,[148][149][150] Fortunately, the aqueous electrolytes with expanded electrochemical windows have been well established through increasing the salt concentration; and a state-of-the-art aqueous electrolyte can withstand a voltage of 5.1 V vs. Li/ Li + . [151][152][153] Recently, Kondo et al reported a highly concentrated aqueous solution, 21 M NaFSI/H 2 O (salt-to-solvent MR = 1 : 3), in which the graphite cathode can be charged to 1.7 V vs. Ag/ AgCl (corresponding to 4.6 V vs. Na/Na + ) and showed a discharge capacity of 20 mAh g À 1 at 10 mA g À 1 .…”

Carbon‐Coated Na2.2V1.2Ti0.8(PO4)3 Cathode with Excellent Cycling Performance for Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Among those batteries, particular attention has been paid for aqueous sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to the wide availability of sodium resources and reversible intercalation chemistry of Nastorage materials. [15][16][17][18][19] Differing from non-aqueous SIBs, they are additionally challenged by narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes and chemical corrosion of aqueous solutions on Na-storage electrode materials. In fact, most of reported Na-storage materials in the field of nonaqueous SIBs are ill-suited for aqueous SIBs.…”