Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review

Qing-hong, Peng; Du, Qiang

doi:10.3390/en9040240

Cited by 70 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Heat pump heaters have remarkably high energy efficiency, but still need electric power for operation. This advanced technology can provide heating as well as cooling for the electric vehicle [9].…”

Section: Current State Of the Art On Air-conditioning Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heating an electric car with a biofuel operated heater during cold seasons – design, application and test

Riess¹,

Walter²,

Weiherer³

et al. 2019

ACTA IMEKO

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The automotive industry is currently undergoing far-reaching structural changes. Automobile manufacturers are pursuing intensive scientific research and technological development in the field of alternative drive systems, such as electric powertrains. If electric car batteries are charged with regenerative generated electricity, their emission output is zero (from a well-to-wheel view). Furthermore, electric drives have very high efficiency. At cold temperatures, however, the battery power drops due to energy-intensive loads, such as the heating of the passenger compartment, and this consequently reduces the range dramatically. Therefore, the focus of this research work is external energy supply for the required heat capacity. The auxiliary energy may be generated by renewable energy technologies in order to further improve the CO<sub>2</sub> balance of electric vehicles. The paper deals with the design, application, and testing of a biofuel-operated heater to heat the passenger compartment of a battery-powered electric car (a Renault ZOE R240). The practical use of the heating system is analyzed in several test drives, performed during winter 2018. The results as well as the range extension of the electric car that can be achieved by substituting the on-board heating system by the fuel-operated heater are quantified herein.

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Section: Current State Of the Art On Air-conditioning Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heating an electric car with a biofuel operated heater during cold seasons – design, application and test

Riess¹,

Walter²,

Weiherer³

et al. 2019

ACTA IMEKO

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“…Obviously, using electricity from the battery directly, conventional electric heaters are not able to provide an economic solution. To reduce energy consumption, a heat pump (owing to higher coefficient of performance) has proved to be a promising alternative [27][28][29]. Traditionally, a heat pump only extracts heat from the outside air to heat the cabin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains

Wei

Hofman

Caarls³

et al. 2019

Energies

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This study presents an integrated energy and thermal management system to identify the fuel-saving potential caused by cold-starting an electrified powertrain. In addition, it quantifies the benefit of adopting waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies on the ultimate fuel savings. A cold-start implies a low engine temperature, which increases the frictional power dissipation in the engine, leading to excess fuel usage. A dual-source WHR (DSWHR) system is employed to recuperate waste heat from exhaust gases. The energy harvested is stored in a battery and can be retrieved when needed. Moreover, the system recovers waste heat from an electric machine, including power electronics and a continuous variable transmission, to boost the heating performance of a heat pump for cabin heating. This results in a decrease in the load on the battery. The integrated energy and thermal management system aims at maximizing the fuel efficiency for a pre-defined drive cycle. Simulation results show that cold-start conditions affect the fuel-saving potential significantly, up to 7.1% on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), yet have a small impact on the optimal controller. The DSWHR system improves the fuel economy remarkably, up to 13.1% on the NEDC, from which the design of WHR technologies and dimensioning of powertrain components can be derived. As the optimal solution is obtained offline, a complete energy consumption minimization strategy framework, considering both energy and thermal aspects, is proposed to enable online implementation.

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“…Many refrigeration working fluids can be used in vapor compression domestic air conditioner systems, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC, such as R22), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC, such as R410A and R32), natural alternatives such as propane (R290), isobutene (R600a), and CO 2 (R744). The R744 is not a feasible alternative because its pressure is too high [1]. The R290 and R600a are strong candidates and have many benefits: they are cheap, non-toxic, chemically stable, compatible with many materials, and miscible with mineral oils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on R1234yf heat pump at low ambient temperature and comparison with other refrigerants

Niu

2019

THERM SCI

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Original scientific paper https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI171019201XIn this paper, an integrated vapor injection compression heat pump system using R1234yf, R32, R410A, R22, and R134a as working fluids was developed, and their heating performances under low ambient temperature were quantitatively evaluated. An experimental bench was built to test the system's working performance. The condensing temperature, evaporating temperature, power input, and other variables were analyzed to evaluate the system's heating capability and energy efficiency. Test results showed that the R1234yf system can run at the evaporating temperature of -20 °C, but its heating coefficient of performance was 5% lower than R134a. The R1234yf vapor injection system provided very significant performance improvements for heating performance compared with no vapor injection: the heating capacity and heating coefficient of performance can be improved by 14. 3% and 11.7%, respectively.

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Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review

Cited by 70 publications

References 61 publications

Heating an electric car with a biofuel operated heater during cold seasons – design, application and test

Heating an electric car with a biofuel operated heater during cold seasons – design, application and test

Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains

Experimental study on R1234yf heat pump at low ambient temperature and comparison with other refrigerants

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