“…However, similar to other membranes, MD membranes are prone to fouling, scaling and membrane wetting (Tijing, Woo et al 2015), which will lead to deteriorated performance. For high salt solutions, in particular when the concentration of salt approaches saturation, scaling becomes the most serious problem (Ji, Curcio et al 2010, Gryta 2011, Edwie and Chung 2013, Chen, Lu et al 2014, Hickenbottom and Cath 2014, Nariyoshi, Pantoja et al 2016, Bouchrit, Boubakri et al 2017, Jiang, Tuo et al 2017, Tang, Iddya et al 2017, Julian, Ye et al 2018, Zou, Dong et al 2018. Crystals attached to the membrane surface alter surface wettability (e.g.…”