Progress in Respiratory Virus Vaccine Development

Schmidt, A.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-976495

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Vaccines are the cornerstone for prevention of influenza and its complications. 95,[176][177][178] Immunity to surface antigens, particularly HA, reduces the likelihood of infection, but antibody to one influenza type, subtype, or antigenic variant confers little or no protection against other influenza types/subtypes or antigenic variants of the same type/subtype. 178 Therefore, vaccines target the variable antigenic surface glycoprotein of the circulating influenza strains and, due to antigenic drift, must be reformulated annually, with input from the World Health Organization (WHO) and national authorities.…”

Section: Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Prevention

Clark

Lynch

2011

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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Influenza A and B are important causes of respiratory illness in all age groups. Influenza causes seasonal outbreaks globally and, less commonly, pandemics. In the United States, seasonal influenza epidemics account for >200,000 hospitalizations and >30,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of deaths occur in the elderly population. Interestingly, in the novel 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, attack rates were highest among children and young adults. Fewer than 10% of cases occurred in adults >60 years old, likely because preexisting antibodies against other H1N1 viruses afforded protection. Despite concerns about a high lethality rate with the novel 2009 H1N1 strain, most illnesses caused by the 2009 H1N1 viruses were mild (overall case fatality rate <0.5%). Clinical features of influenza infection overlap with other respiratory pathogens (particularly viruses). The diagnosis is often delayed due to low suspicion and the limited use of specific diagnostic tests. Rapid diagnostic tests are widely available and allow detection of influenza antigen in respiratory secretions within 1 hour; however, sensitivity ranges from 50 to 90%. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (eg, oseltamivir and zanamivir) are effective for treating influenza A or B and for prophylaxis in selected adults and children. Resistance to NAIs is rare, but influenza strains resistant to oseltamivir have been detected. Vaccines are the cornerstone of influenza control. Currently, trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) are available. These agents reduce mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients (i.e., the elderly or patients with comorbidities), and expanding the use of vaccines to healthy children and adults reduces the incidence of influenza, pneumonia, and hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in the community.

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Section: Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Prevention

Clark

Lynch

2011

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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“…Oral (tablet) Production stopped in 1996 based on economical reasons and the requirement to upgrade plants to modern standards (11) Human parainfluenza virus Live attenuated virus vaccine, clinically tested (12) Children and adults RSV Some live attenuated vaccines and adjuvanted subunit vaccine in preclinical and clinical development (13) Children (14) and elderly (13) i.m. injection and intranasal (only some of the live attenuated vaccines) -Every newborn will be infected during the first year of life.…”

Section: Military Traineesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-RSV is causative agent not only of pneumonia but also of asthma and COPD exacerbations (15) -First attempts in the 1960s employed formalin-inactivated whole virus adjuvanted with alum, this vaccine led to enhanced disease upon natural infection (13)…”

Section: Military Traineesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Vaccine Delivery: A Realistic Approach?

Tonnis

Kersten

Frijlink

et al. 2012

Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

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Pulmonary vaccine delivery has gained increasing attention during the last decade because this vaccination method combines potential advantages such as the fact that it omits the use of needles and may elicit immunity at the port of entry for many pathogens. In this review the current status of pulmonary vaccination, the potential advantages of pulmonary vaccine delivery, the hurdles to overcome in the future, and the overall perspectives of this vaccination strategy are described.

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“…48,120 In the final article in this issue, Dr. Schmidt elegantly discusses the development of vaccines against influenza and other respiratory viruses. 121 In this article, we briefly discuss the role and impact of influenza vaccination. Vaccines target the variable antigenic surface glycoprotein of the circulating influenza strains.…”

Section: Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza: Evolving Strategies in Treatment and Prevention

Lynch

Walsh

2007

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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Influenza A and B are important causes of respiratory illness in all age groups. Influenza causes seasonal outbreaks globally, and (rarely) pandemics. In the United States, seasonal influenza epidemics account for > 200,000 hospitalizations and > 30,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of deaths are in the elderly. The toll is considerably higher during pandemics. Clinical features of influenza infection overlap with other respiratory pathogens (particularly viruses). The diagnosis is often delayed due to low suspicion and the limited use of specific diagnostic tests. Rapid diagnostic tests are widely available and allow detection of influenza antigen in respiratory secretions within 1 hour; however, sensitivity ranges from 40 to 80%. Currently, four drugs are available to treat or prevent influenza. These include the adamantanes (i.e., amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (i.e., oseltamivir and zanamivir). Adamantanes are active against influenza A but not influenza B. However, recent emergence of adamantane resistance has rendered these agents ineffective. Hence, adamantanes are not currently recommended in the United States. The neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are effective in treating influenza A or B, and for prophylaxis in selected adults and children. Resistance to NAIs is rare, but influenza strains resistant to oseltamivir have been detected. Vaccines are the cornerstone of influenza control. Currently, trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) are available. These agents reduce mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients (i.e., the elderly or patients with comorbidities), and expanding the use of vaccines to healthy children and adults reduces the incidence of influenza, pneumonia, and hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in the community.

show abstract

Progress in Respiratory Virus Vaccine Development

Cited by 12 publications

References 65 publications

Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Prevention

Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Prevention

Pulmonary Vaccine Delivery: A Realistic Approach?

Influenza: Evolving Strategies in Treatment and Prevention

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