Progress of electrocatalytic urea synthesis: strategic design, reactor engineering, mechanistic details and techno-commercial study

Abstract

The industrial production of urea involves two step process, reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia followed by the reaction of the ammonia with carbon dioxide, so the process...

Activation of Ga Liquid Catalyst with Continuously Exposed Active Sites for Electrocatalytic C−N Coupling

“…[52][53] As shown in Figure S13-14, curve-related calibration of NH 3 , urea, NO 3 À and N 2 H 4 was performed followed by quantification of the products using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. [54][55] The calculated urea yield and…”

Fe(TCNQ)2 nanorod arrays: an efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical ammonia synthesis via the nitrate reduction reaction

“…Thus, to mitigate the energy crisis NH 3 can exclusively serve as a carrier for the conveyance of renewable energy on a worldwide scale. 1–3 The industrially exemplary Haber-Bosch process, which is energy demanding and produces an extensive amount of greenhouse gases, is the primary method for the large scale industrial production of NH 3 . 4–6 A sustainable, environment-friendly, and energy efficient strategy for NH 3 synthesis is the desperate need of the hour.…”

“…All these factors culminate into extremely low NH 3 yield and faradaic efficiency (FE) and prevent the scalability process of the NRR. 11–14 On the other end of the spectrum, nitrate (NO 3 − ) ions stand out owing to their high solubility in water and a low dissociation energy (204 kJ mol −1 ) for the NO bond, 2 hence promoting a reduction in the barrier for mass transfer and minimizing energy consumption during electrolysis, therefore making it an energetically more favorable process than the NRR. Nitrate (NO 3 − ) is one of the most important forms of nitrogen in the environment.…”

Selective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrogen to Nitric Acid Using Manganese Phthalocyanine

“…This process is extremely energy demanding and produces an extravagant amount of greenhouse gases (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. 3,4 To produce NH 3 in the industrial scale, the Haber−Bosch process is employed, where raw materials (N 2 and H 2 ) are treated at a high temperature (700 K) and pressure (150 atm). This process consumes 1% of the total global energy and produces 1.9 metric ton of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) per metric ton of NH 3 synthesis.…”

“…Commercial nitric acid is prepared by the 120 year old Ostwald process where NH 3 gets oxidized in the presence of a catalyst at a high temperature (400–600 °C) and pressure (15–25 MPa). This process is extremely energy demanding and produces an extravagant amount of greenhouse gases (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. , To produce NH 3 in the industrial scale, the Haber–Bosch process is employed, where raw materials (N 2 and H 2 ) are treated at a high temperature (700 K) and pressure (150 atm). This process consumes 1% of the total global energy and produces 1.9 metric ton of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) per metric ton of NH 3 synthesis. , Current studies on ammonia synthesis (computational study and experimental investigation) may substitute the Haber–Bosch process. − The deletion of the dual step HNO 3 synthesis method forms a mandatory requirement to address the issue and provide an alternate sustainable solution yet catering to the demand of the market .…”