Progress on Current-Carry Friction and Wear: An Overview from Measurements to Mechanism

Li, Shuaibing; Yang, Xingzu; Kang, Yongqiang; Li, Zongying; Li, Hongwei

doi:10.3390/coatings12091345

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The selection of copper-tungsten contacts was based on the actual structure and internal environment of oil-immersed OLTCs [21] . The design parameters of the selected contacts are listed in Tab.…”

Section: Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erosion Characteristics of Oil-Immersed On-Load Tap Changer Contacts Under Varying Contact Speeds and Pressures

Li,

Kang

et al. 2024

Chin. J. Electr. Eng.

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With the growing demand for precise voltage adjustment and reactive regulation, the frequent operation of on-load tap changers (OLTCs) in oil-immersed systems has led to increased erosion of switch contacts by arcs during the switching process. This erosion causes significant wear on the contacts, thereby reducing their lifespan. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the behavior and mechanism of arc erosion on contact surfaces in oil-immersed OLTCs. To achieve this, a self-designed friction and wear test device for OLTC contacts was utilized to conduct experiments at various sliding speeds and contact pressures. Additionally, finite element analysis was employed to validate the experimental results regarding the influence of sliding speed on arc energy. The surface morphology of the contacts was observed using an optical microscope. The findings revealed that as the sliding speed increased, the arc energy, arc initiation rate, and contact resistance initially exhibited an upward trend, then decreased, and eventually increased again. The minimum values were observed at a sliding speed of 90 mm/s. Moreover, the arc energy, arc initiation rate, and contact resistance decreased gradually as the contact pressure increased. After reaching a contact pressure of 1.5 N, the variation in the arc energy stabilized. At lower contact pressures, arc erosion dominated the wear on the contact surface. However, at higher contact pressures, the wear transitioned from predominantly arc erosion to a combination of mechanical wear and arc erosion. In summary, experimental and analytical investigations provided insights into the effects of sliding speed and contact pressure on the behavior of arc erosion, contact resistance, and surface damage of OLTC contacts in oil-immersed systems.

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Section: Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erosion Characteristics of Oil-Immersed On-Load Tap Changer Contacts Under Varying Contact Speeds and Pressures

Li,

Kang

et al. 2024

Chin. J. Electr. Eng.

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“…4,5 In a conventional electrical-sliding process, many kinds of damage inflicted by mechanical friction and arc such as abrasive wear or corrosion wear can generate the failure of electrical contacts. 6 Some studies have attempted the addition of liquid lubricants to improve the lubrication properties of electricalcontact materials. 7,8 Active or intelligent control of friction can be achieved at the molecular level for lubricants by applying electric fields, and a small potential is found to produce significant changes in friction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tribology is harmful for many key mechanical components located in equipment, inducing a considerable part of surface wear originating from tribological contacts . Current research interests focus on the intelligent regulation of tribology to reduce the friction and wear of mechanical equipment, e.g., temperature, stress, electric field, or pH in the tribological process. , Many electromechanical devices depend on electrical friction, such as brushes and contact strip. , In a conventional electrical-sliding process, many kinds of damage inflicted by mechanical friction and arc such as abrasive wear or corrosion wear can generate the failure of electrical contacts . Some studies have attempted the addition of liquid lubricants to improve the lubrication properties of electrical-contact materials. , Active or intelligent control of friction can be achieved at the molecular level for lubricants by applying electric fields, and a small potential is found to produce significant changes in friction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic-Control Friction Behavior of Porous Metal–Organic Framework@Ag Nanocrystals as Self-Repairing Lubricant Additive

Wang

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The low conductivity and poor antifriction performance of lubricants are the main causes of wear failure in mechanical equipment under electronic-control friction. Metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocomposites can be used to fabricate a new kind of lubricant additive. Herein, porous Cu-BTC@Ag MOF nanocrystals were successfully synthesized via an in situ generation method. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the nano-Ag element was evenly dispersed throughout the Cu-BTC matrix. Cu-BTC@Ag nanocrystals can significantly improve the electrical conductivity of the EMI-BF4 ionic liquid, which increased by 38.8%. The average coefficients of friction (COF) and wear volume of EMI-BF4 ionic liquid with 0.5 wt % Cu-BTC@Ag decreased by 8.3 and 16% without applied voltage, respectively. This finding was due to the continuous extrusion of the EMI-BF4 stored in the Cu-BTC@Ag pores under external load. It entered the contact zone, thereby maintaining the continuous supply of lubricant. At 20 V applied voltage in the friction process, the COF of the EMI-BF4/2.0wt %Cu-BTC@Ag lubricant decreased by 18.8%, and its wear volume decreased by 32.7%. The Cu-BTC@ Ag nanocrystals adsorbed onto the metal surface to form a friction reaction film by the action of electric fields, which can repair the wear defects on the friction interface. Therefore, Cu-BTC@Ag nanocrystals acting as an additive in lubricant have remarkable prospects in the area of electronic-control friction.

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“…Pantograph arcing is first of all responsible of increasing wear and erosion of the contact surfaces [9][10][11] and of reducing the useful life of both the pantograph sliding contact and the catenary [12,13]. A first comprehensive review of the results available in the '70s or earlier appears in [14], considering data from both current interruption and current collection applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electrical Behaviour of Railway Pantograph Arcs

Mariscotti

2023

Energies

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Electric arcing is an unavoidable consequence of the current collection process by sliding contact in railways and metros, and in general in many electrified transportation systems (ETSs). The most relevant consequences in an electrical perspective are: the occurrence of transients triggering resonant behaviour and transient responses, reduction of the energy efficiency of the system, conducted and radiated disturbance, in particular for the new radio systems widely employed for signalling and communication. The involved parameters are many (type of materials, current intensity, DC and AC supply, relative speed, temperature), as well as the studied characteristics (arc instability and lifetime, dynamic behaviour, electrical system response, radiation efficiency and coupling to external radio systems). This work reports the state of the art in arc modelling, arcing experimental characterisation, interaction with the supply system, radiated emissions and disturbance to radio systems, providing a complete description of phenomena and of reference data, critically discussing similarity and differences between sources. Proposed arc models are many with different assumptions and simplifications for various applications, so that a critical review and discussion are a necessity, considering the many different approaches and not-so-obvious applicability. The comparison with experimental results highlights unavoidable discrepancies, also because of intrinsic arc variability and for the many involved parameters and operating conditions. The impact of the arc as embedded in the railway system is then considered, speaking of conducted and radiated phenomena, including interference to radio communication systems and arc detection. The most prominent effect for conducted emissions is the excitation of system resonances, including the LC filters onboard rolling stock and substations in DC railways, with consequences for disturbance and energy efficiency, and this is discussed in detail. Conversely, for high frequency emissions, the attenuation along the line circuit is significant and the effective distance of propagation is limited; nevertheless radiated electromagnetic field emissions are a relevant source of disturbance for radio systems within the ETS premises and outside (e.g., at airports). The published approaches to quantify performance reduction are discussed with emphasis on experimental methods.

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Progress on Current-Carry Friction and Wear: An Overview from Measurements to Mechanism

Cited by 29 publications

References 80 publications

Erosion Characteristics of Oil-Immersed On-Load Tap Changer Contacts Under Varying Contact Speeds and Pressures

Erosion Characteristics of Oil-Immersed On-Load Tap Changer Contacts Under Varying Contact Speeds and Pressures

Electronic-Control Friction Behavior of Porous Metal–Organic Framework@Ag Nanocrystals as Self-Repairing Lubricant Additive

The Electrical Behaviour of Railway Pantograph Arcs

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