Progress on statistical models of evaluating inclusions in clean steels

Wang, Zheng; Guan, Yue-hui; Luo, Haiwen

doi:10.1007/s42243-022-00773-9

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Fragile inclusions in alloy structural steels lead to the cracking failure of steel products [9][10][11][12][13] . Sulfide inclusions precipitate along grain boundaries in free-cutting steels resulted in the fatigue damage of products [14][15][16] .…”

Section: і Overview Of Application Of Calcium Treatment In Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel by Calcium Treatment: A Review

Ren,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2023

ISIJ Int.

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The calcium treatment was the most popular and effective method to modify inclusions in the molten steel. For the modification of oxide inclusions, the partial liquid inclusion was suggested to avoid the nozzle clogging caused by solid inclusions, as well as the formation of hardly removed large liquid inclusions in the Al-killed Ca-treated steel. During the calcium treatment process, the added Ca firstly modified Al 2 O 3 inclusions to liquid CaO-Al 2 O 3 for T.CaT.O in steel. Meanwhile, the CaS/( CaO+Al 2 O 3 ) in inclusions increased with a higher (T.Ca-T.O)/T.S ratio in steel. For the sulfide inclusion modification, the calcium treatment retarded the precipitation of linear sulfides along the grain boundary of the steel matrix and lower the deformability of CaS during the rolling process due to the higher hardness of CaS. The length of sulfides increased with a higher T.Ca content, while it decreased with lower T.O and T.S contents in steel. Influence factors of the calcium yield of the calcium treatment were summarized to steadily increase the calcium yield, including steel composition, temperature, feeding speed, etc. An empirical equation between the [Ca], T.Ca, T.O, T.S, and [Al] was fitted to predict the [Ca] content in steel. During solidification and cooling processes of Al-killed Ca-treated steels, inclusions transformed from liquid CaO-Al 2 O 3 -MgO in the molten steel to Al 2 O 3 -MgO-CaS in the solid steel due to the equilibrium change. Moreover, the focus on the calcium treatment in the future was proposed.

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Section: і Overview Of Application Of Calcium Treatment In Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 The predicted composition of inclusions in the Al-killed steel with various T.Ca contents at 1873K Fig. 13 The liquid window of inclusions in the Al-killed Ca-treated steel Fig. 14 The transient evolution of inclusions in the Al-killed Ca-treated steel [119] Fig.…”

Section: Figure Caption Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel by Calcium Treatment: A Review

Ren,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2023

ISIJ Int.

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“…Studies have shown that tool steels are very sensitive to Metals 2023, 13, 1592 2 of 12 fatigue and inclusions, especially brittle inclusions, which cause stress concentrations in the steel matrix and are usually important factors affecting the life of a tool steel [3,4]. Therefore, one of the key technologies for producing high-quality tool steels is to improve the cleanliness of H13 steel [5][6][7] by controlling the compositions, quantities, and size distributions of the inclusions in the steel to improve its performance [8]. At present, the main refining slag systems commonly used in smelting H13 high-strength steel are CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO-CaF 2 quaternary slag systems and CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO quaternary slag systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Al2O3 on Inclusion Removal in H13 Steels Using High-Basicity LF (Ladle Furnace) Refining Slags

Liang,

Qin,

Wang

2023

Metals

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In this experiment, a quaternary fluorine-free refining slag system of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO was selected, with basicity ratios of 2, 4, and 6 and calcium-aluminum ratios of 1.5, 2.1, and 3. High-temperature “slag-steel equilibrium” experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different basicity ratios and calcium–aluminum ratios on the morphologies, compositions, sizes, and quantities of the inclusions in H13 steel, aiming to improve the cleanliness of H13 steel to meet practical industrial requirements. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the basicity ratio and the calcium–aluminum ratio, the morphologies of the inclusions changed from elliptical to regular circular, with more regular edges. As the basicity ratio increased from 2 to 6, the densities of the inclusions showed a decreasing trend, with values of 40, 35, 30, 25, 32, and 30 inclusions/mm2. When the basicity ratio remained the same, the average size of the inclusions in the steel decreased first and then increased with the increases in the calcium–aluminum ratios, with sizes of 1.59 μm, 1.23 μm, and 1.38 μm, respectively. Among these, when the basicity ratio was 6 and the calcium–aluminum ratio was 2.1, the control effect on the densities and sizes of the inclusions was the best, yielding an inclusion density of 25 inclusions/mm2 and a size of 1.15 μm. Additionally, reducing the Al2O3 content in the slag could reduce the Al2O3 contents in the inclusions, which also promoted improvements in the elastic deformation capacities of the inclusions. With increases in the calcium–aluminum ratios in the slag system, the masses of the inclusions decreased due to the reduced Al contents in the steel. The Al contents in the steel also had an impact on the compositions of the inclusions.

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In Situ Observation of the Agglomeration of MgO–Al2O3 Inclusions on the Surface of a Molten GCr15-Bearing Steel

Ren

et al. 2023

Metall Mater Trans B

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Progress on statistical models of evaluating inclusions in clean steels

Cited by 12 publications

References 73 publications

Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel by Calcium Treatment: A Review

Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel by Calcium Treatment: A Review

Effect of Al2O3 on Inclusion Removal in H13 Steels Using High-Basicity LF (Ladle Furnace) Refining Slags

In Situ Observation of the Agglomeration of MgO–Al2O3 Inclusions on the Surface of a Molten GCr15-Bearing Steel

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