Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4

Abstract

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body, namely, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. Moreover, Tβ4 is effectively utilized for several indications in animal experiments or clinical trials, such as myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, xerophthalmia, liver and renal fibrosis, ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, and skin trauma. Recent studies have reported the potential application of Tβ4 and its underlying mechanisms. The present study reveals the progress regarding functions and applications of Tβ4.

Proteomic characterisation of prostate cancer intercellular communication reveals cell type-selective signalling and TMSB4X-dependent fibroblast reprogramming

“…A further important finding was the identification of fibroblast TMSB4X has a key regulator of communication between these cells and co-cultured PC cells. TMSB4X regulates diverse biological endpoints across different cell types including wound healing, fibrosis, inflammation and cellular differentiation [36]. In terms of mechanism, one of the bestcharacterised properties of TMSB4X is its ability to bind and sequester G actin monomers, and thereby influence actin filament dynamics and localisation [37].…”

“…However, overexpression of TMSB4X in the WPMY-1 cells decreased the migratory potential of not only the WPMY-1 cells but also co-cultured PC3s. Since TMSB4X can be secreted [36], one potential explanation is secreted TMSB4X acting in a paracrine manner on the PC3s. However, since TMSB4X generally has a pro-migratory effect on malignant epithelial cells, a more likely explanation is altered production of other secreted factors by the fibroblasts.…”

“…In contrast, increased expression of SLC16A3 and TRIM28 was identified in co-culture with comparable increases in SLC16A3 T460 and TRIM28 S19 phosphorylation. Since TMSB4X was the only protein to decrease > five fold in both the whole proteome and phosphorylated proteome datasets under co-culture conditions and is a member of the actin-binding protein family with known roles in regulating organisation of the actin cytoskeleton [36,37], we selected this protein for further analysis.…”

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Ocular Diseases: An Update

“…Thymosin b4 (Tb4) is a natural and small peptide comprising 43 amino acids [ 66 ]. It is widely distributed and has been appreciated for multiple functions such as accelerates vascular endothelial cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and ameliorates inflammation [ 66 ].…”

“…Thymosin b4 (Tb4) is a natural and small peptide comprising 43 amino acids [ 66 ]. It is widely distributed and has been appreciated for multiple functions such as accelerates vascular endothelial cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and ameliorates inflammation [ 66 ]. Investigators have used an experimental model of P. aeruginosa -induced keratitis, demonstrating adjunctive Tb4 treatment directly reduces the infiltration of PMNs, up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, inhibiting ROS generation both in vivo and in vitro, down-regulating NETs, and regulating neutrophils apoptosis [ 67 ].…”