Progress Toward a Multiomic Understanding of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not a single disease state but describes an array of conditions associated with insult or injury to the brain. While some individuals with TBI recover within a few days or months, others present with persistent symptoms that can cause disability, neuropsychological trauma, and even death. Understanding, diagnosing, and treating TBI is extremely complex for many reasons, including the variable biomechanics of head impact, differences in severity and location of injury, and individual patient characteristics. Because of these confounding factors, the development of reliable diagnostics and targeted treatments for brain injury remains elusive. We argue that the development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TBI requires a deep understanding of human neurophysiology at the molecular level and that the framework of multiomics may provide some effective solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of this challenging condition. To this end, we present here a comprehensive review of TBI biomarker candidates from across the multiomic disciplines and compare them with known signatures associated with other neuropsychological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. We believe that this integrated view will facilitate a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI and its potential links to other neurological diseases.

Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: From Their Physiopathological Roles to Their Clinical Applications in Acute Brain Injuries

“…In addition, AQ4 was increased in astrocyte-derived EVs in an AD animal model [ 85 ] and neuron-derived EVs from acute mTBI patients [ 213 ]. Thus, TBI is likely involved in AD, as well as in PD and epilepsy among many others, and could even be a cause of AD development [ 220 ]. The relationship between AD development and TBI is very complex and still poorly understood [ 221 ].…”

Protein Expression and Bioinformatics Study of Granulosa Cells of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Expressed Under the Influence of DHEA

“…Prior to administering DHEAS, cells were plated in 6- and 24-well microplates at a density of 1 × 10 4 cells/mL (2 × 0 3 cells/cm 2 ). Each group of cells was divided into 4 groups, in which the 2 cell types were introduced with 10 −5 M DHEAS (Sigma‒Aldrich). 35,36 Following DHEAS treatment, the same culturing conditions were maintained as in the preliminary culture, and these cells underwent exposure for 2 days.…”

“…Biomarkers are indicators that have the ability to predict the extent of the illness and responses to therapy along with the diagnosis. 5…”

“…Biomarkers are indicators that have the ability to predict the extent of the illness and responses to therapy along with the diagnosis. 5 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately 5 to 20% of women worldwide and is the leading cause of infertility in young adults, and its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. 6 In addition to the increased risk of diabetes mellitus, endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, and coronary artery disease, the presence of hyperandrogenism and hyperandrogenemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, oligo-or anovulation, polycystic ovarian morphology, hirsutism, and so on, are the hallmarks of this ailment.…”

Investigating the Role of Neck Muscle Activation and Neck Damping Characteristics in Brain Injury Mechanism

“…This complementary approach helps to better understand the underlying neural processes involved in brain injury, complementing the biomechanical insights. Clinical settings often rely on blood biomarkers or Glasgow coma scale for diagnosing TBI [27], while neuroscientists employ animal trials to study the biochemical effects of head impact. Various animal models, such as fluid percussion injury, controlled cortical impact injury, weight drop impact acceleration injury, and blast injury, have been used to explore TBI mechanisms from a biochemical perspective [53].…”