Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2018–September 2019

Hsu, Christopher H.; Kader, Milhia; Mahamud, Abdirahman; Bullard, Kelley; Jorba, Jaume; Agbor, John; Safi, Malik; Jafari, Hamid; Ehrhardt, Derek

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a5

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially reduced delivery of polio vaccines through essential immunization (formerly routine immunization) and prevented implementation of polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) * during March–July 2020. This report describes Pakistan’s progress in polio eradication during January 2019−September 2020 and updates previous reports ( 1 , 3 , 4 ). The Pakistan polio program has reinitiated SIAs and will need large, intensive, high-quality campaigns with strategic use of available oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) † to control the surge and widespread transmission of WPV1 and cVDPV2.…”

supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Corresponding author: Christopher H. Hsu, chsu@cdc.gov, 404-639-4526. 1 Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, CDC; 2 World Health Organization, Islamabad, Pakistan; 3 IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia; 4 Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC; 5 United Nations Children's Fund, Islamabad, Pakistan; 6 National Emergency Operation Center, Islamabad, Pakistan; 7 World Health Organization, Amman, Jordan.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only countries where wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) is endemic ( 1 , 2 ). In 2019, Pakistan reported 147 WPV1 cases, approximately 12 times the number reported in 2018.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2019−September 2020

Hsu¹,

Rehman²,

Bullard³

et al. 2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only countries where wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) is endemic (1,2). In 2019, Pakistan reported 147 WPV1 cases, approximately 12 times the number reported in 2018. As of September 15, 72 cases had been reported in 2020. Since 2019, WPV1 transmission has also spread from Pakistan's core poliovirus reservoirs (Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta block) to southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Punjab, and Sindh provinces. Further, an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2), first detected in July 2019, has caused 22 paralytic cases in 2019 and 59 as of September 15, 2020, throughout the country. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially reduced delivery of polio vaccines through essential immunization (formerly routine immunization) and prevented implementation of polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs)* during March-July 2020. This report describes Pakistan's progress in polio eradication during January 2019−September 2020 and updates previous reports (1,3,4). The Pakistan polio program has reinitiated SIAs and will need large, intensive, high-quality campaigns with strategic use of available oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) † to control the surge and widespread transmission of WPV1 and cVDPV2. * Mass campaigns conducted for a brief period (days to weeks) in which 1 dose of oral poliovirus vaccine is administered to all children aged <5 years, regardless of vaccination history. Campaigns can be conducted nationally or subnationally. † Three types of oral poliovirus vaccine are currently in use in Pakistan: monovalent OPV to type 2 (mOPV2), bivalent OPV (bOPV) to types 1 and 3, and trivalent OPV (tOPV) to types 1, 2, and 3.

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Acknowledgmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2019−September 2020

Hsu¹,

Rehman²,

Bullard³

et al. 2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 Spread of rumors and anti-polio sentiments, through social media, including the content of oral polio vaccine (OPV) (rumored to contain pork substances) and the effect of OPV on fertility, has led to strident refusals from parents to vaccinate their children. 17 The current pandemic is now mainly affecting some of the poorest regions of Pakistan where there is limited access to proper health and hygiene needs, leading to both increased COVID-19 and polio cases. 4,18 Recently, an analysis in August 2020 on the environmental sample detection of poliovirus in sewage specimens revealed 60% of positivity in samples as compared with 43% in August 2019.…”

Section: Challenges At Handmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polio Amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: What are the Efforts Being Made and Challenges at Hand?

Ahmad

Babar

Ahmadi

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poliomyelitis, a crippling viral disease, has been affecting many children in Pakistan despite the numerous efforts that have been taken to curb its spread. The COVID-19 pandemic has halted mass polio vaccination campaigns globally, including Pakistan, resulting in a resurgence of new cases. Pakistan managed to flatten the COVID-19 curve from July to October that made three immunization drives possible, but the COVID-19 cases are on the rise again which can again complicate the polio situation in the country if left unmonitored. The efforts of Pakistan have been effective with no significant rise in polio cases in 2020 as compared with 2019. We discuss the numerous challenges faced by the polio eradication program in Pakistan. To help eliminate polio, Pakistan needs to enhance its efforts in the struggle against polio with the same zeal and stringency used to flatten the curve of COVID-19 in these challenging times.

show abstract

“…After several decades of stability, many polio survivorsas well as some with no residual paralysisdevelop LOSP including postpolio syndrome (PPS) 13 . These sequelae were not reported in the Table 1 [18][19][20] .…”

Section: Late-onset Sequelae Of Poliomyelitis (Losp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Corrigendum to</i>: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

Peel¹

2020

Microbiol. Aust.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.

show abstract

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2018–September 2019

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2019−September 2020

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2019−September 2020

Polio Amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: What are the Efforts Being Made and Challenges at Hand?

<i>Corrigendum to</i>: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About