Progress towards a biological control programme for glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on tomatoes

Abstract

SUMMARYDuring 1969/74 different methods of using the parasite Encarsia formosa to control whitefly infestations on tomatoes in glasshouses have been evaluated commercially. The most effective control was achieved by the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute (GCRI) programme of timed parasite introductions at rates totalling 120000 parasites per ha (48000/acre) following the pre‐establishment of a low, evenly distributed infestation of the pest throughout the crop. Other methods, including the regular introduction of parasites after planting in anticipation of a whitefly infestation or starting when the first whiteflies appear on the plants, are also described. These multiple introduction (‘dribble’) methods, gave mostly satisfactory control but were less predictable.The efficiency of the parasite is greatly impaired during the short days and low light intensities of the late winter months and alternative methods of dealing with early whitefly infestations, including the use of chemicals, are discussed.

Use of the parasiteEncarsia formosa [Hym.: Aphelinidae] as a part of pestmanagement on cucumbers

“…1/80 and 2/80) is a result of low light intensity which is known to reduce the reproductivity of E. formosa (Parr et al, 1976 ;Vet et al, 1980). Parasite introduction after 1st March gives successful establishment under Norwegian conditions.…”

“…Methods for use of E. formosa were developed (Gould et aL, 1975 ;Parr et al, 1976 ;Woets, 1973), but were more effective on tomatoes (Solanum esculentum Mill.) than on cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) (Ekbom, 1977 ;Woets & Leuteren, 1976).…”

Whitefly control in cut gerbera: is it possible to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia formosa?

“…compared to fitness-related activities such as oviposition and host feeding. Moreover Parr et al (1976) mentioned that excessive amounts of honeydew on leaves associated with high whitefly densities can act as an oviposition deterrent for E. formosa. Finally, honeydew offers an attractive medium for the growth of several species of fungi, especially sooty molds (Rabbinge et al 1981;Bi et al 2002).…”

Hydroponic Vegetable Production

“…Whiteflies also began to show the same characteristic (Wardlow et al 1972). The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Anthias-Henriot was used successfully to control spider mites Gould et al 1975), and Encarsia once again was used against whiteflies (Gould et al 1975;Parr et al 1976). A number of other natural predators and parasites are now used for controlling pests in CEA (Bravenboer 1974).…”