Fast and quantitative
estimation of single-cell proteins with various
distribution patterns remains a technical challenge. Here, a microfluidic
flow cytometer with a uniform optical field (Uni-μFCM) was developed,
which enabled the translation of multicolor fluorescence signals of
bound antibodies into targeted protein numbers with arbitrary distributions
of biological cells. As the core of Uni-μFCM, a uniform optical
field for optical excitation and fluorescence detection was realized
by adopting a microfabricated metal window to shape the optical beam
for excitation, which was modeled and validated by both numerical
simulation and experimental characterization. After the validation
of Uni-μFCM in single-cell protein quantification by measuring
single-cell expressions of three transcriptional factors from four
cell lines of variable sizes and origins, Uni-μFCM was applied
to (1) quantify membrane and cytoplasmic markers of myeloid and lymphocytic
leukocytes to classify cell lines and normal and patient blood samples;
(2) measure single-cell expressions of key cytokines affiliated with
gene stabilities, differentiating paired oral and colon tumor cell
lines with varied malignancies, and (3) quantify single-cell stemming
markers of liver tumor cell lines, cell subtypes, and liver patient
samples to determine a variety of lineage hierarchy. By quantitatively
assessing complex cellular phenotypes, Uni-μFCM substantially
expanded the phenotypic space accessible to single-cell applications
in leukemia gating, tumor classification, and hierarchy determination
of cancer stem cells.