Progressive evaluation in spectroscopic sensors for non-invasive blood haemoglobin analysis—a review

Abstract

Frequent monitoring of haemoglobin concentration is highly recommended by physicians to diagnose anaemia and polycythemia Vera. Moreover, Some other conditions also demand assessment of haemoglobin, and these conditions are blood loss, before blood donation, during pregnancy, preoperative, perioperative and postoperative conditions. Cyanmethaemoglobin/haemiglobincyanide method, portable haemoglobinometers and haematology analyzers are few standard methods to diagnose mentioned ailments. However, discomfort, delay and risk of infection are typical limitations of traditional measuring solutions. These limitations create the necessity to develop a non-invasive haemoglobin monitoring technique for a better lifestyle. Various methods and products are already developed and popular due to their non-invasiveness; however, invasive solutions are still considered as the reference standard method. Therefore, this review summarizes the attributes of existing non-invasive solutions. These attributes are finalized as brief details, accuracy, optimal benefits, and research challenges for exploring potential gaps, advancements and possibilities to consider as futuristic alternative methodologies. Non-invasive total haemoglobin assessing techniques are mainly based on optical spectroscopy (reflectance/transmittance) or digital photography or spectroscopic imaging in spot check/continuous monitoring mode. In all these techniques, we have noticed that there is a need to consider different light conditions, motion artefacts, melanocytes, other blood constituents, smoking and precise fixing of the sensor from the sensing spot for exact formulation. Moreover, based on careful and critical analysis of outcomes, none of these techniques or products is used independently or intended to replace invasive laboratory testing. Therefore there is a requirement for a more accurate technique that can eliminate the requirement of blood samples and likely end up as a reference standard method.

WITHDRAWN: Analysis of point-of-care non-invasive Hb monitoring technique using NIR Spectrophotometry with standard invasive techniques

“…Moreover, these solutions are not intended to replace invasive laboratory Hb assessments yet [72], [73]. The major reasons effecting the performance of these methods are melanocyte effect, motion artefact, manual fixing of the sensor with the target region, non-arterial blood, other blood constituents, smoking level and lack of theoretical background between fingernails and anaemia [74].A notable feature is that more than seven wavelengths [75] are used to get high resolution and four wavelengths are used to monitor only trending of Hb concentration [76]. It is needed to consider these effects using optimal light sources with an effective algorithm to check their impact on accuracy.…”

The relationship between hemoglobin and triglycerides in moyamoya disease: A cross-sectional study

“…MMD is an uncommon cerebrovascular illness marked by the creation of an aberrant network of collateral vessels, often leading to ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes ( 1 , 2 ). The Hb level is an easily accessible and sensitive clinical indicator that reflects the physiological status of the body ( 7 , 13 ). A recent study ( 12 ) showed a U-shaped association between hemoglobin concentration and stroke sequelae and recurrence, with either too high or too low hemoglobin concentrations being associated with stroke disability, death and recurrence.…”

“…The start and end dates for inclusion were March 2013 and December 2018, respectively. The MMD (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment (2012 Edition) were used to guide the clinical strategy for each participant ( 13 ). The following cerebral angiography results were required for diagnosis: (1) in the arterial phase, stenosis or blockage of the intracranial ICA, parietal part of the anterior cerebral artery, and/or middle cerebral artery; (2) anomalies in vascularization next to an endothelial orstenotic lesion in the first cycle; and (3) observations in (1) and (3) must be consistent with those in (2).…”

A Non-Invasive Hemoglobin Detection Device Based on Multispectral Photoplethysmography

“…In recent years, a great deal of research has been conducted on the non-invasive detection of hemoglobin content via optical methods [ 11 ]. Yuan et al used a 16-pixel InGaAs detector array and a planar grating spectrometer to construct a near-infrared spectrophotometric system.…”