Progressive freeze concentration of orange juice in a pilot plant falling film

Retention of Ascorbic Acid and Solid Concentration via Centrifugal Freeze Concentration of Orange Juice

“…The RMS values over the cycles fluctuated between 2.0% and 5.1%. These RSM values were lower than 25%, which Lewicki [37] considered being an acceptable fit, and these values were close to those reported in the literature [11,21,32,38,39].…”

“…In the last cycle, around 4 times the initial concentration of solutes was achieved. This result was higher than that obtained by Sánchez et al [11] in orange juice cryoconcentrated using a pilot plant unit, where juice concentration increased from 11 to 29 ∘ Brix. Additionally, the result of this work was similar to that achieved by Bonilla-Zavaleta et al [16], which was approximately 41 ∘ Brix from 12 ∘ Brix pineapple juice by centrifugal freeze concentrate.…”

“…On the other hand, the more recent freeze concentration studies have focused on single-stage systems (progressive freeze concentration or block freeze concentration) rather than traditional systems by suspension [9][10][11][12], since singlestage freeze concentration systems are simpler in construction and equipment operation [10].…”

Flavor Retention in Progressive Freeze-Concentration of Coffee Extract and Pear (La France) Juice Flavor Condensate

“…By using this test system, the effective partition coefficient of solutes between the ice and the liquid phases in PFC was theoretically analyzed based on the concentration polarization model (Miyawaki et al, 1998;Gu et al, 2005;Gunathilake et al, 2013), and the importance of the operating conditions, such as ice crystal growth rate and mass transfer at the ice-liquid interface, was pointed out. As for the scale-up of PFC, the falling film system was proposed (Fleshland 1995;Hernandez et al, 2009;Sanchez et al, 2010;Sanchez et al, 2011). In this system, an ice crystal grows on a vertically placed cooling plate on which the solution to be concentrated flows as a falling film.…”

Desalination of Seawater via Progressive Freeze Concentration with Anti supercooling Rotating Crystallizer

“…The concentration increment in solution relative to the quantity of NaCl remaining in the ice fraction is defined as efficiency (E %) [20][21][22]. In theory, the lower the NaCl content remaining in the ice fraction, the more concentrated the solution will be.…”