Proinflammatory cytokine levels and peri‐implant parameters among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and non‐smokers

Abstract

Background Tobacco smoking compromises the prognosis of dental implant treatment and is associated with increased risk of peri‐implant bone loss and increased implant failure rate. There is a dearth of studies that have compared clinical, radiographic, and immunological peri‐implant parameters among cigarette smokers (CS), individuals vaping e‐cigarettes (e‐cigs), and non‐smokers (NS). This study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters and levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and interleukin (IL)‐1β levels among CS, individuals’ vaping e‐cigs, and NS. Methods Thirty‐two CS (group 1), 31 individuals vaping e‐cigs (group 2), and 32 NS (group 3) were included. Demographic‐ and implant‐related data were collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri‐implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess levels of MMP‐9 and IL‐1β in peri‐implant sulcular fluid. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze for correlations of MMP‐9 and IL‐1β levels with peri‐implant parameters. Results BOP showed significantly higher values in group 3 as compared with groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.01). PI (P < 0.01), PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.01), and mean concentrations of MMP‐9 (P < 0.001) and IL‐1β (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than group 3. MBL was significantly higher in group 1 as compared with group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.01). Significant positive correlations were found between MMP‐9 (P = 0.0198) and IL‐1β (P = 0.0047) levels and MBL in group 1; and a significant positive correlation between IL‐1β and MBL in group 2 (P = 0.0031). Conclusions Peri‐implant health was compromised among CS than vaping individuals and NS. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in CS and vaping individuals may suggest greater peri‐implant inflammatory response.

Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers

“…11 Electronic cigarettes are ENDS in which a battery is connected to a tank that contains a fluid (e-liquid) that is usually flavored and contains nicotine. 3,14 In this regard, use of ENDS is not a safe alternate to tobacco smoking. Studies 12,13 have shown that periimplant probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and CBL are significantly high in waterpipe smokers compared with nonsmokers.…”

“…Although the long-term effects of vaping on health are unknown, there is mounting evidence in indexed literature that individuals using electronic cigarettes are also susceptible to periodontal and peri-implant diseases. 3,14 In this regard, use of ENDS is not a safe alternate to tobacco smoking.…”

Soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around conventionally‐loaded dental implants placed in cigarette‐ and waterpipe (narghile) smokers: 8‐years' follow‐up results

“…Studies [1][2][3][4] have shown that tobacco-smoking is a prospect of periodontal and peri-implant diseases, such as periodontitis and periimplantitis, respectively. Furthermore, outcomes of oral surgical interventions are undermined in tobacco smoking users compared to nonsmokers.…”

E-cigarettes: knowledge and usage habits among dental patients

“…Participants thought that e-cigarettes might not be damaging to crown and implants. In fact, there is an emerging body of evidence indicating that vaping not only affects oral mucosa tissues 20,11 , but also artificial oral structures, such as crown, bridges, and implants 19,21,22 . This flawed impression could be attributed to some factors: i) the general lack of reliable knowledge concerning effects of vaping; ii) some patients were attending their first appointment and may not have received reliable information about the impact vaping has on fixed prosthesis, and iii) a possible lack of standardized information provided by staff, faculty members and dental students regarding e-cigarettes.…”

“…The current literature has shown some effects of e-cigarettes on oral health, such as increased prevalence of three specific types of oral mucosal lesions (nicotine stomatitis, hairy tongue and angular cheilitis) among e-cigarettes users 17,18 ; and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting greater peri-implant inflammatory response 19 . In vitro studies found that e-cigarettes and other vapors devices may induce a lethal form of DNA damage that can result in chromosomal rearrangement and carcinogenesis 20 .…”