Estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-B are transcription factors with profound effects on breast cancer cell proliferation and survival. While many studies demonstrate that ER and NF-B can repress each other, we previously identified a gene signature that is synergistically upregulated by these two factors in more aggressive luminal B breast tumors. Herein, we examine a novel mechanism of cross talk between ER and NF-B that results in the upregulation of the antiapoptotic gene BIRC3 (also known as cIAP2). We demonstrate that NF-B, acting through two response elements, is required for ER recruitment to an adjacent estrogen response element (ERE) in the BIRC3 promoter. This effect is accompanied by a major increase in NF-B-dependent histone acetylation around the ERE. Interestingly, CBP, a histone acetyltransferase previously implicated in repressive interactions between ER and NF-B, plays a permissive role by promoting histone acetylation and ER recruitment, as well as enhanced expression of BIRC3. These findings suggest a new gene regulatory mechanism by which inflammation and NF-B activation can influence ER recruitment to inherently inactive ER binding sites. This fine-tuning mechanism may explain how two factors that generally repress each other's activity may work together on certain genes to promote breast cancer cell survival and tumor progression.
T he estrogen receptor (ER) is expressed in approximately 75%of breast cancers, and women with such tumors are generally treated with endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors. However, not all ER-positive tumors respond to these therapies. Through gene expression profiling studies, ER-positive tumors have been delineated into two intrinsic subtypes, luminal A and luminal B (48, 49). Women with the luminal A subtype of breast tumors respond well to therapy and have a good prognosis, whereas the outcome is poor for women with the luminal B subtype of tumors, nearly as poor as that seen in the case of ERnegative tumors. Our lab recently identified a gene signature synergistically upregulated by cross talk between ER and NF-B that is highly associated with luminal B but not luminal A-type tumors (16). This signature is enriched for cell survival genes, including the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis gene, cIAP2, which is also known as BIRC3. We have previously shown that BIRC3 is upregulated by estradiol (E2) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) in a number of ER-positive but not ER-negative cell lines. Using chemical inhibitors and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach, our lab has further demonstrated that BIRC3 plays an important role in promoting estrogendependent breast cancer cell survival and protecting against TNF-␣-induced cell death (51). Understanding the mechanism by which BIRC3 is upregulated by cross talk between ER and NF-B is therefore of clinical relevance.The ER subtypes, ER␣ and ER, are ligand-dependent transcription factors that interact with DNA and control transcription of ER target genes in resp...