Proinflammatory cytokines in irritable bowel syndrome: a comparison with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 115symptoms are abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort and an altered defecation pattern. As there are, by definition, no biological parameters for diagnostic discretion in IBS, symptoms constitute a reliable basis for classification and diagnosis. Several acknowledged criteria such as "Manning criteria" followed by the "Kruis criteria" and the "Rome criteria (I-III), " have been used in order to establish diagnosis.IBS has been considered a common functional disorder implying a disorder without a discernible pathophysiological mechanism, thus a nonorganic disorder. 2,3 Traditionally, IBS has been viewed upon as a disorder where altered GI motility, visceral hypersensitivity, dysregulation of brain-gut axis, altered bowel motility, neurotransmitter imbalances and psychosocial factors are the most important pathophysiological pISSN 1598-9100 • eISSN 2288-1956 https://doi.Background/Aims: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease often considered as a functional intestinal disorder. Inflammation in IBS is a quite intriguing theory. The aim of this study was to investigate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, IBS patients and normal controls. Methods: IBS and IBD patients along with normal controls were recruited in the study. In all groups, 2 pinch biopsies were taken at each of 3 anatomical sites (terminal ileum, cecum, and rectum). IBS patients were also subcategorized according to the syndrome clinical manifestations. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), TNF-α mAb and IL-6 mAb, and one polyclonal antibody IL-1β mAb were applied for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: In IBD patients intensity of TNF-α and IL-1β were lower than in IBS patients or controls, while IL-6 was significantly increased comparing to the aforementioned groups. In IBS patients TNF-α was increased comparing to IBD patients or controls, while IL-6 and IL-1β were similar to controls. In IBS subgroups, TNF-α was lower in diarrhea predominant IBS patients and higher constipation predominant IBS patients. Differences among IBS subgroups regarding IL-6 and IL-1β were nonsignificant. Conclusions: IL-6 seems to be the most important proinflammatory cytokine in IBD patients, while TNF-α could play a more significant role in IBS pathogenesis. (Intest Res 2020;18:115-120 )

Lactoferrin in the Prevention and Treatment of Intestinal Inflammatory Pathologies Associated with Colorectal Cancer Development

“…Large scale alteration in the gut microbiota, primed on one or more of its entities, can trigger an altered intestinal immune response in the gut mucosa, with a decrease of commensals endowed with anti-inflammatory properties and an increase of those able to trigger an inflammatory response, overall leading to a severe inflammatory state [ 117 , 118 ]. The analysis of inflamed mucosa of IBDs patients has revealed an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [ 117 , 145 , 146 , 147 ]. In particular, IL-6, whose levels are correlated with the severity of disease, is highly expressed in both serum and tissue of IBDs patients and plays a central role in several immune responses [ 147 , 148 , 149 ].…”

“…The analysis of inflamed mucosa of IBDs patients has revealed an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [ 117 , 145 , 146 , 147 ]. In particular, IL-6, whose levels are correlated with the severity of disease, is highly expressed in both serum and tissue of IBDs patients and plays a central role in several immune responses [ 147 , 148 , 149 ]. Of note, IL-6 can lead to nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation and NF-kB nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, an important adhesion molecule in the neutrophil-epithelial interactions in IBDs [ 117 , 150 ].…”

Differential clusterization of soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated cytokines in myocardial infarction

“…Immune activation associated with the release of cytokines is a hallmark of many pathologies [1][2][3][4][5][6] . In extreme cases, this release becomes highly dysregulated worsening the clinical course of the disease 7 .…”

Sudachinoid- and Ichangensin-Type Limonoids from Citrus junos Downregulate Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

“…Among the inflammatory diseases, IBDs, which are chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, are being increasingly reported around the world [ 23 ]. An analysis of the inflamed mucosa from patients with UC and CD revealed that the pathogenesis of IBDs is related to the enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8, which induce other mediators that act on the inflammatory tissue, ultimately enhancing the inflammatory response [ 24 , 25 ]. Currently, anti-TNF therapies such as biosimilar anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies are widely used to treat IBD; however, these treatments are limited by factors such as adverse effects [ 26 ].…”

“…A reduction in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α signaling was found to be effective at inhibiting macrophages in chronic intestinal inflammation, thereby indicating that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are potential therapeutic targets in IBD [ 30 , 31 ]. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are also enhanced in IBD intestinal cells [ 25 ]. To confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of limonoids, we assessed the LPS-induced production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits.…”