Projectile penetration into ballistic gelatin

The relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic penetration depth in a viscoelastic gel

“…This scaling will be described in more detail below. Swain et al (2014) recently demonstrated that the change in the minimum velocity for penetration must also be accounted for to fully understand projectile penetration behavior in the different polymer formulations. The effective velocity was calculated for each formulation by subtracting the minimum velocity, v min , for penetration from the measured velocity, v, prior to penetration resulting in an effective velocity (v eff ); v eff ¼ vÀ v min Using the calculated v eff to determine the elastic Froude number produced an effective elastic Froude number (Fe eff );…”

Fantastic plastic? Experimental evaluation of polyurethane bone substitutes as proxies for human bone in trauma simulations

“…In subsequent tests the spheres were therefore filled with ballistic gelatin (constituted at 10% by weight at 4°C). This medium is widely used in ballistic tests as it approximates the density of human soft tissue [17,18,19].…”

“…The initial tests involving flat plates and empty spheres shot with the modern rifles produced small rounded entrance/ exit defects where a cone shaped portion of the surface had been forced away from the rest of the sample to produce beveled margins as are frequently seen in ballistic trauma to bone (Figure 2). Such features are regarded as typical in penetrative injuries to areas of flat bone (most commonly the cranial vault, scapula, sternum or ilium) where the direction of bevelling is regarded as a standard feature for determining the direction in which a penetrative force has perforated bone [9,10,11,12,13,14,19,20,21].…”

A constitutive model for ballistic gelatin at surgical strain rates

“…Moreover, its mechanical properties and response to a variety of mechanical tests have been found to be similar to those of soft tissues (Breeze et al (2013); Kalcioglu et al (2010)), further enhancing its suitability as a substitute. Its primary use has been in forensic and military applications (Liu et al (2014a)), most notably ballistic impact (Alley et al (2011)), wound profiling, and projectile wounding/penetration studies (Liu et al (2014b); Swain et al (2014)). But, it has also found important application as a phantom material in medical imaging and surgical-guidance studies (e.g.…”