Projection of Burden of Cancer Mortality for India, 2011-2026

Background: Breast cancer incidence is increasing among South Asian migrants to the United States (US). However, their utilization of cancer screening services is poor. This study characterizes attitudes of South Asians towards breast health and screening in a community sample. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) was conducted among South Asians (n=124) in New Jersey and Chicago. The following beliefs and attitudes towards breast cancer screening were assessed-health motivation, breast self-examination confidence, breast cancer susceptibility and fear, and mammogram benefits and barriers. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were computed for HBM subscales. Findings: Mean age of participants was 36 years with an average 10 years stay in the US. Most women strived to care for their health (3.82±1.18) and perceived high benefits of screening mammography (3.94±0.95). However, they perceived lower susceptibility to breast cancer in the future (2.30±0.94). Conclusions: Increasing awareness of breast cancer risk for South Asian women may have a beneficial effect on cancer incidence because of their positive attitudes towards health and breast cancer screening. This is especially relevant because South Asians now constitute one of the largest minority populations in the US and their incidence of breast cancer is steadily increasing.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Attitudes of South Asian Women to Breast Health and Breast Cancer Screening: Findings from a Community Based Sample in the United States

Poonawalla

Goyal

Mehrotra

et al. 2014

“…

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (8), 3757-3761

IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide (Key et al, 2001), and represents the leading or second most leading cancer in females in India (Ferlay et al, 2010;D'Souza et al, 2013a;2013b). Currently, two major challenges of breast cancer research are; to understand the interrelation between breast cancer and anti-tumor immunity, and to identify candidates whose targeting would contribute to enhance anti-tumor efficiency (Mamessier et al, 2012).

The cancer tissue is invaded by a mixed population of immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Tumor Infiltrating Natural Killer Cell (NK-TILs) Count in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of Breast Prognostically Significant?

Rathore

Goel²,

Makker³

et al. 2014

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (8), 3757-3761 IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide (Key et al., 2001), and represents the leading or second most leading cancer in females in India (Ferlay et al., 2010;D'Souza et al., 2013a;2013b). Currently, two major challenges of breast cancer research are; to understand the interrelation between breast cancer and anti-tumor immunity, and to identify candidates whose targeting would contribute to enhance anti-tumor efficiency (Mamessier et al., 2012).The cancer tissue is invaded by a mixed population of immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. For a long time NK cells were considered merely as relatively primitive killers, but now they are seen not only as bonafide actors in innate immunity but are also important cells that shape and influence the adaptive immune responses (Poli et al., 2009). NK cells are effector lymphocytes of innate immune system that act by limiting the growth and dissemination of the tumor and are known to have an immunoregulatory role.An established marker for NK cells, CD56, is an AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the CD56+NK-TIL count in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast. Material and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using antibodies specific for CD56 on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 175 infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC) of breast. Distribution of intratumoral and stromal CD56+NK-TILs was assessed semi-quantitatively. Results: A low intratumoral CD56+count showed significant and inverse associations with tumor grade, stage, and lymph node status, whereas it had significant and direct association with response to treatment indicating good prognosis. These patients had better survival (χ 2 =4.80, p<0.05) and 0.52 fold lower death rate (HR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28-0.93) as compared to patients with high CD56+ intratumoral count. The association of survival was insignificant with low CD56 stromal count as compared to high CD56 stromal count (χ 2 =1.60, p>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, although NK-TIL count appeared as a significant predictor of prognosis, it alone may not be sufficient for predicting the outcome considering the fact that there exists a crosstalk between NK-TILs and the other immune infiltrating TILs.

“…The leading sites of mortality in males are lung, esophagus, prostate and stomach. In females, the leading sites of cancer deaths were breast, cervix and ovarian cancer (Dsouza et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model Approach to Calculate Cancer Prevalence from 5 Years Survival Data for Selected Cancer Sites in India - Part II

Takiar¹,

Krishnan²,

Shah³

2014

Objective: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is often difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. An attempt is made to arrive at the complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect of selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 year cancer survival data available for selected registries of India. Methodology: Cancer survival data, available for the registries of Bhopal, Chennai, Karunagappally, and Mumbai was pooled to generate survival for the selected cancer sites. With the available data on survival for 1, 3 and 5 years, a model was fitted and the survival curve was extended beyond 5 years (up to 30 years) for each of the selected sites. This helped in generation of survival proportions by single year and thereby survival of cancer cases. With the help of estimated survived cases available year wise and the incidence, the prevalence figures were arrived for selected cancer sites and for selected periods. In our previous paper, we have dealt with the cancer sites of breast, cervix, ovary, lung, stomach and mouth (Takiar and Jayant, 2013). Results: The prevalence to incidence ratio (PI ratio) was calculated for 30 years duration for all the selected cancer sites using the model approach showing that from the knowledge of incidence and P/I ratio, the prevalence can be calculated. The validity of the approach was shown in our previous paper (Takiar and Jayant, 2013). The P/I ratios for the cancer sites of lip, tongue, oral cavity, hypopharynx, oesophagus, larynx, nhl, colon, prostate, lymphoid leukemia, myeloid leukemia were observed to be 10.26, 4.15, 5.89, 2.81, 1.87, 5.43, 5.48, 5.24, 4.61, 3.42 and 2.65, respectively. Conclusion: Cancer prevalence can be readily estimated with use of survival and incidence data.