Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse

Liang, Huazheng; Paxinos, George; Watson, Charles

doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0281-x

Cited by 88 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 163 publications

(328 reference statements)

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“…The contralateral pRS neurons lay within the same domain of the PRF as the ipsilateral pRS neurons but skewed toward the more lateral, ventral, and rostral region. Thus the distribution of pRS neurons in the neonatal mouse is similar to that reported in the mouse embryo (Auclair et al 1999) and in the adult mouse, demonstrated using different retrograde tracers (Liang et al 2011;Vanderhorst and Ulfhake 2006). A more compre- hensive account of the anatomic organization and relationships of the ipsilateral and contralateral pRS neuron populations is in preparation (M. S. Sivertsen, M.-C. Perreault, and J. C. Glover, unpublished observations).…”

Section: General Overview Of Experimentssupporting

confidence: 79%

Organization of pontine reticulospinal inputs to motoneurons controlling axial and limb muscles in the neonatal mouse

Sivertsen

Glover

Perreault

2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Sivertsen MS, Glover JC, Perreault MC. Organization of pontine reticulospinal inputs to motoneurons controlling axial and limb muscles in the neonatal mouse. J Neurophysiol 112: 1628 -1643, 2014. First published June 18, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00820.2013.-Using optical recording of synaptically mediated calcium transients and selective spinal lesions, we investigated the pattern of activation of spinal motoneurons (MNs) by the pontine reticulospinal projection in isolated brain stem-spinal cord preparations from the neonatal mouse. Stimulation sites throughout the region where the pontine reticulospinal neurons reside reliably activated MNs at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels. Activation was similar in MNs ipsi-and contralateral to the stimulation site, similar in medial and lateral motor columns that contain trunk and limb MNs, respectively, and similar in the L2 and L5 segments that predominantly contain flexor and extensor MNs, respectively. In nonlesioned preparations, responses in both ipsi-and contralateral MNs followed individual stimuli in stimulus trains nearly one-to-one (with few failures). After unilateral hemisection at C1 on the same side as the stimulation, responses had substantially smaller magnitudes and longer latencies and no longer followed individual stimuli. After unilateral hemisection at C1 on the side opposite to the stimulation, the responses were also smaller, but their latencies were not affected. Thus we distinguish two pontine reticulospinal pathways to spinal MNs, one uncrossed and the other crossed, of which the uncrossed pathway transmits more faithfully and appears to be more direct. motor control; descending pathways; brain stem; spinal cord; trunk; limb THE MAMMALIAN RETICULOSPINAL system, consisting of the mesencephalic, pontine, and medullary reticulospinal pathways, is crucial for the control of skeletal musculature (Baker 2011;Kuypers 1964;Lemon 2008;Perreault and Glover 2013;Peterson 1979;Pettersson et al. 2007), but the neural mechanisms by which it initiates and regulates movement are far from understood.Electrical stimulation has been a key method in studying the organization of the mammalian reticulospinal system, revealing excitatory reticulospinal connections (mono-and polysynaptic) with axial motoneurons (MNs), proximal and distal limb MNs, and digit MNs in a variety of species (monkey: Davidson and Buford 2006;Riddle et al. 2009; cat: Drew and Rossignol 1990b;Galea et al. 2010;Grillner et al. 1968;Jankowska et al. 2003;Lloyd 1941;Peterson et al. 1979;Sprague and Chambers 1954;Wilson and Yoshida 1969; rat: Bolzoni et al. 2013; Floeter and Lev-Tov 1993;Umeda et al. 2010; and mouse: Alstermark and Ogawa 2004;Szokol et al. 2008). However, many studies have not differentiated among different areas of the reticular formation (RF) that project to the spinal cord. For example, stimulation of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), in which many (but certainly not all) reticulospinal axons project, is often used as a proxy for stimulating reticulospinal projectio...

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Section: General Overview Of Experimentssupporting

confidence: 79%

Organization of pontine reticulospinal inputs to motoneurons controlling axial and limb muscles in the neonatal mouse

Sivertsen

Glover

Perreault

2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…In a separate experiment in which the injection site was centered on the rubrospinal tract caudal to the decussation, labeled fibers were found in the ipsilateral spinal cord, showing that BDA can be taken up by fibers of passage. A further possibility is that rubrospinal fibers that cross the midline in the spinal cord might have been labeled in retrograde tracing experiments (Liang et al 2011), and this label might be transmitted to neurons in the ipsilateral red nucleus (after recrossing in the ventral tegmental decussation).…”

Section: The Rubrospinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomic and physiologic studies in species other than mice have shown that the red nucleus plays an important role in locomotion through its connections with the interneurons (Nyberg-Hansen and Brodal 1964;NybergHansen 1966;Warner and Watson 1972;Wild et al 1979;Holstege et al 1988;Küchler et al 2002) and motor neurons in the spinal cord (Holstege 1987;Holstege et al 1988;Küchler et al 2002), but species differences were also observed (Brown 1974;Küchler et al 2002), indicating that rubrospinal neurons may play different roles in different species (Huber et al 1943;Liang et al 2011). Some spinal cord injury research on the impact of spinal cord injury focused on the degeneration and regeneration of the red nucleus neurons and rubrospinal axons (Guízar-Sahagún et al 2005;Harvey et al 2005;Cao et al 2008;Chen et al 2008;Jefferson et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The red nucleus and the rubrospinal projection in the mouse

2011

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We studied the organization and spinal projection of the mouse red nucleus with a range of techniques (Nissl stain, immunofluorescence, retrograde tracer injections into the spinal cord, anterograde tracer injections into the red nucleus, and in situ hybridization) and counted the number of neurons in the red nucleus (3,200.9 ± 230.8). We found that the rubrospinal neurons were mainly located in the parvicellular region of the red nucleus, more lateral in the rostral part and more medial in the caudal part. Labeled neurons were least common in the rostral and caudal most parts of the red nucleus. Neurons projecting to the cervical cord were predominantly dorsomedially placed and neurons projecting to the lumbar cord were predominantly ventrolaterally placed. Immunofluorescence staining with SMI-32 antibody showed that ~60% of SMI-32-positive neurons were cervical cord-projecting neurons and 24% were lumbar cord-projecting neurons. SMI-32-positive neurons were mainly located in the caudomedial part of the red nucleus. A study of vGluT2 expression showed that the number and location of glutamatergic neurons matched with those of the rubrospinal neurons. In the anterograde tracing experiments, rubrospinal fibers travelled in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus, between the lateral spinal nucleus and the calretinin-positive fibers of the lateral funiculus. Rubrospinal fibers terminated in contralateral laminae 5, 6, and the dorsal part of lamina 7 at all spinal cord levels. A few fibers could be seen next to the neurons in the dorsolateral part of lamina 9 at levels of C8-T1 (hand motor neurons) and L5-L6 (foot motor neurons), which is consistent with a view that rubrospinal fibers may play a role in distal limb movement in rodents.

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“…In particular, the lumbar injections targeted neurons in the reticular formation, key areas for the control of cardiovascular, somatic motor and pain modulation, as well as consciousness, sleep and habituation. 20 Not all regions predicted to be transduced by the chimeric viruses were found, for example, no neurons were detected in the cerebella nuclei. 21 This may be owing to preferential uptake into neuronal terminals owing to receptor availability, differences in transport efficiency or differences in PGK promoter expression in different neural subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric rabies SADB19-VSVg-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors mediate long-range retrograde transduction from the mouse spinal cord

et al. 2015

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Lentiviral vectors have proved an effective method to deliver transgenes into the brain; however, they are often hampered by a lack of spread from the site of injection. Modifying the viral envelope with a portion of a rabies envelope glycoprotein can enhance spread in the brain by using long-range axon projections to facilitate retrograde transport. In this study, we generated two chimeric envelopes containing the extra-virion and transmembrane domain of rabies SADB19 or CVS-N2c with the intra-virion domain of vesicular stomatitis virus. Viral particles were packaged containing a green fluorescent protein reporter construct under the control of the phosphoglycerokinase promoter. Both vectors produced high-titer particles with successful integration of the glycoproteins into the particle envelope and significant transduction of neurons in vitro. Injection of the SADB19 chimeric viral vector into the lumbar spinal cord of adult mice mediated a strong preference for gene transfer to local neurons and axonal terminals, with retrograde transport to neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Development of this vector provides a useful means to reliably target select populations of neurons by retrograde targeting.

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Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse

Cited by 88 publications

References 163 publications

Organization of pontine reticulospinal inputs to motoneurons controlling axial and limb muscles in the neonatal mouse

Organization of pontine reticulospinal inputs to motoneurons controlling axial and limb muscles in the neonatal mouse

The red nucleus and the rubrospinal projection in the mouse

Chimeric rabies SADB19-VSVg-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors mediate long-range retrograde transduction from the mouse spinal cord

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