Prolactin affects the disappearance of ALV-J viremia in vivo and inhibits viral infection

The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System

“…Moreover, PRL modified the difference in the chemotactic factor and the leukocyte migration of fetal membranes in a tissue-specific manner (Núñez-Sánchez et al, 2021 ). Our previous results showed that pre-incubating DF-1 cells with PRL before ALV-J infection elicits the best antiviral effects regardless of dose in vitro (Mo et al, 2021 ). Moreover, PRL can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine-encoding TNT α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 genes, and increase the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes of oligoadenylate synthetase-like ( OSAL ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP ) in the spleens of ALV-J-infected chicks (Mo et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Meanwhile, PRL levels alters in different chicken breeds (Mo et al, 2022 ). When chickens are infected with pathogens, such as Histomonas meleagridis (Chadwick et al, 1980 ), E. tenella (Chadwick et al, 1985 ), and ALV-J (Mo et al, 2021 ), the plasma PRL levels have changed compared with the uninfected chickens. These results indicate that PRL levels is not only affected by individual own growth cycle but also controlled by external factors.…”

“…The viral infection affects the expression of VIP in immune organs. After chicks were infected with ALV-J, the VIP mRNA expression in the spleen was correlated with the levels of PRL in plasma (Mo et al, 2021 ).…”

“…We performed RNA-seq of spleens from fast- and slow- feathering chickens infected with ALV-J (PRJNA552417), and found that the PRL genes were enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and systemic lupus erythematous signaling pathways. In our previous study, after virus infection, the levels of PRL and GH in plasma have changed and the increase PRL levels could reduce the expression of virus and pro-inflammatory factors in immune organs (Mo et al, 2021 , 2022 ).…”

“…In poultry, PRL and GH are related to growth, development, and reproduction (Nie et al, 2005 ; Qin et al, 2013 ; Wilkanowska et al, 2014 ). However, some studies have shown that after chicken infected with some pathogens, such as Eimeria tenella ( E. tenella ) (Chadwick et al, 1985 ; Davison et al, 1985 ), Histomonas meleagridis (Chadwick et al, 1980 ), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (Nii et al, 2015 ), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Rehman et al, 2020 ), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (He et al, 2018 ; Yu et al, 2019 ), Marek's disease virus (MDV) (Liu et al, 2001 ) and avian leukosis virus (ALV) (Carter and Smith, 1983 , 1984 ; Dai et al, 2019 ; Mo et al, 2021 , 2022 ), it is found that the hormone levels are changed, and they are involved in regulating the body immune response (Allen et al, 1997 ; Breuel et al, 2004 ; Hartwell et al, 2014 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2021 ). These evidences suggest that hormones are involved in the immune responses under specific conditions, which present an often-overlooked challenge to the conventional idea that hormone merely as endocrine hormone.…”