Prolactin in obese children: a bridge between inflammation and metabolic‐endocrine dysfunction

Chirico, Valeria; Cannavò, Salvatore; Lacquaniti, Antonio; Salpietro, Vincenzo; Mandolfino, M.; Romeo, Placido; Cotta, Oana Ruxandra; Munafó, Caterina; Giorgianni, Grazia; Salpietro, Carmelo; Arrigo, Teresa

doi:10.1111/cen.12183

Cited by 53 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A small nonrandomized clinical study found that HDL cholesterol was not lower in 15 hyperprolactinemic patients compared with controls, and HDL cholesterol did not change significantly after treatment with cabergoline 21. In contrast to our findings, a pediatric study reported a positive association between baseline prolactin and HDL cholesterol at 1‐year follow‐up 22. Our longer study duration, different patient population, and evaluation of prolactin within the normal range may partially account for our findings.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Association Between Prolactin and Incidence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study

Therkelsen

Abraham

Pedley

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundProlactin is an anterior pituitary hormone that may modulate the adverse effects of obesity. Prolactin has been associated with cardiovascular disease mortality, but less is known about whether prolactin predicts incidence of cardiovascular disease risk factors.Methods and ResultsOur sample (n=3232, mean age 40.4 years, 52.1% women) was drawn from Framingham Heart Study participants who attended 2 examinations an average of 6.1 years apart. After excluding those with elevated prolactin (>30 mg/dL for women, >20 mg/dL for men), multivariable‐adjusted regressions modeled the associations between baseline prolactin and changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors. Models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline value of the risk factor, smoking status, hormone replacement therapy, and menopausal status and additionally for body mass index. Mean prolactin levels were 11.9 mg/dL (SD 5.2) in women and 8.0 mg/dL (SD 2.9) in men. No associations were observed for change in weight, body composition, total cholesterol, triglycerides, or fasting glucose. In women, for example, for each 5‐mg/dL increment in prolactin, odds of incident hypercholesterolemia were 1.06, which was not significant (95% CI 0.91–1.23, P=0.46). Some exceptions were of note. In women, for each 5‐mg/dL increment in prolactin, we observed increased odds of low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol at follow‐up (odds ratio 1.50, 95% CI 1.18–1.91, P=0.001) that persisted after adjustment for body mass index (P=0.001). In men, a 5‐mg/dL increment in prolactin was associated with increased odds of incident hypertension (odds ratio 1.61, 95% CI 1.18–2.20 P=0.002) and incident diabetes (odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.04–2.78, P=0.03).ConclusionsProlactin is not associated with a comprehensive panel of incident cardiovascular disease risk factors. Measurement of circulating prolactin levels in the community likely does not provide substantial insight into cardiometabolic risk.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Association Between Prolactin and Incidence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study

Therkelsen

Abraham

Pedley

et al. 2016

JAHA

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“…The same study revealed that prolactin release by subcutaneous adiposity was inversely correlated with BMI [8]. These data provided an explanation for the studies reporting a decreased prolactin level in obese subjects, compared with lean subjects [2]. However, it is possible that the predominance of visceral adiposity modified this relationship, as suggested by Kok et al, who showed that premenopausal women with visceral obesity had higher basal and pulsatile secretion of prolactin, compared with lean controls [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The inverse associations between serum prolactin level and adipose tissue quantity markers observed in our study suggested that the prolactin produced by adipocytes contributed significantly to the circulating prolactin. Clinical studies regarding the relationship between serum prolactin level and adiposity have reported both a positive [25] and a negative relationship [2] or no relationships at all [26], probably reflecting the numerous factors modulating the connection between the two parameters. One of these factors could be the type of adiposity, as suggested by Hugo et al [8], who reported decreased prolactin secretion by the subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with the visceral adipose tissue in obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that serum prolactin could be a predictor of metabolic syndrome [1][2][3], of diabetes mellitus [1], and of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality [4,5] in normoprolactinemic subjects. Possible explanations for these associations have been provided by experimental studies, demonstrating the involvement of prolactin in pancreatic beta cells [6] and in adipose tissue development and function [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although PCOS patients can present with increased or dysfunctional adipose tissue, a disturbed mechanism of prolactin production and metabolic disturbances, the connections among all of these factors have not been specifically examined in this subpopulation so far. Therefore, the aims of our study were as follows: (1) to evaluate the hypothesis that adiposity quantity and function could contribute to circulating prolactin levels; and (2) to determine whether the serum prolactin level was an independent predictor of metabolic disturbances (metabolic syndrome and glucose metabolism abnormalities) in PCOS patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is prolactin the missing link in adipose tissue dysfunction of polycystic ovary syndrome patients?

Albu

Florea²,

Fica

2015

Endocrine

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The aims of the study were to evaluate whether adiposity was among the determinants of circulating prolactin levels and to determine whether serum prolactin independently predicted metabolic abnormalities in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A total of 322 PCOS patients with normal serum prolactin levels were recruited between January 2007 and January 2014. Anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal parameters were measured in all of the patients. HOMA-IR was calculated as an index of insulin resistance. Serum prolactin was negatively correlated with age (p < 0.0001), all the adiposity indices [body mass index p < 0.0001; waist circumference p < 0.0001; waist-hip ratio (WHR) p < 0.0001], visceral adiposity index (VAI, p = 0.043), fasting insulinemia (p = 0.002), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.002), and was positively correlated with serum adiponectin (p = 0.034), but not with circulating androgens or serum leptin levels. Serum adiponectin, but not HOMA-IR or fasting insulinemia, was independently associated with serum prolactin after adjustment for age, leptin, and anthropometrical adiposity parameters. Of the adiposity parameters, only WHR and VAI were independent predictors of serum prolactin after adjustment for adiponectin. Circulating prolactin was also negatively correlated with fasting glycemia (only in patients with normal glucose metabolism, p = 0.037) and was inversely correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001), but this association was not maintained after adjustment for possible confounders. In PCOS patients, serum prolactin level was related to adipose tissue quantity and function, and adiponectin was a possible mediator of this relationship. Low serum prolactin levels were associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile, but this association seemed to be due to the complex interplay among prolactin, adiposity, and insulin resistance rather than to a direct metabolic effect of prolactin.

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Prolactin (PRL) in Adipose Tissue: Regulation and Functions

Ben‐Jonathan

Hugo

2014

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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New information concerning the effects of prolactin (PRL) on metabolic processes warrants reevaluation of its overall metabolic actions. PRL affects metabolic homeostasis by regulating key enzymes and transporters associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in several target organs. In the lactating mammary gland, PRL increases the production of milk proteins, lactose, and lipids. In adipose tissue, PRL generally suppresses lipid storage and adipokine release and affect adipogenesis. A specific case is made for PRL in the human breast and adipose tissues, where it acts as a circulating hormone and an autocrine/paracrine factor. Although its overall effects on body composition are both modest and species-specific, PRL may be involved in the manifestation of insulin resistance.

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Prolactin in obese children: a bridge between inflammation and metabolic‐endocrine dysfunction

Abstract: Prolactin represents a prognostic marker for obese children and a predictive factor for progression to MS. PRL measurement may be useful as part of the endocrine work-up of obese children.

Cited by 53 publications

References 34 publications

Association Between Prolactin and Incidence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study

Association Between Prolactin and Incidence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study

Is prolactin the missing link in adipose tissue dysfunction of polycystic ovary syndrome patients?

Prolactin (PRL) in Adipose Tissue: Regulation and Functions

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