Prolactin in Pregnancies Affected by Pre-Existing Maternal Metabolic Conditions: A Systematic Review

Rassie, Kate; Giri, Rinky; Joham, Anju E.; Teede, Helena; Mousa, Aya

doi:10.3390/ijms24032840

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…103 Early studies examining PRL levels during pregnancy in women with PGDM, particularly those with pre-existing T1DM, have shown reduced PRL levels. 104 One study has evaluated PRL levels in women with normoglycemic T1DM before conception (n = 11) compared to healthy subjects (n = 6) at beginning of pregnancy and after 5 weeks. No difference in PRL values was found within the first trimester in both groups.…”

Section: Prolactin In Women Affected By Pregestational Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus

Scairati,

Auriemma,

Del Vecchio

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Investigation

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BackgroundProlactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone promoting lactation in response to the suckling reflex. Beyond its well‐known effects, novel tissue‐specific and metabolic functions of PRL are emerging.AimsTo dissect PRL as a critical mediator of whole‐body gluco‐insulinemic sensitivity.MethodsPubMed‐based search with the following terms ‘prolactin’, ‘glucose metabolism’, ‘type 2 diabetes mellitus’, ‘type 1 diabetes mellitus’, ‘gestational diabetes mellitus’ was performed.DiscussionThe identification of the PRL‐glucose metabolism network poses the basis for unprecedented avenues of research in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, as well as of gestational diabetes. In this regard, it is of timely relevance to define properly the homeostatic PRL serum levels since glucose metabolism could be influenced by the circulating amount of the hormone.ResultsThis review underscores the basic mechanisms of regulation of pancreatic β‐cell functions by PRL and provides a revision of articles which have investigated the connection between PRL unbalancing and diabetes mellitus. Future studies are needed to elucidate the burden and the role of PRL in the regulation of glucose metabolism and determine the specific PRL threshold that may impact the management of diabetes.ConclusionA careful evaluation and context‐driven interpretation of PRL levels (e.g., pregnancy, PRL‐secreting pituitary adenomas, drug‐related hyper‐ and hypoprolactinemia) could be critical for the correct screening and management of glucometabolic disorders, such as type 1 or 2 as well as gestational diabetes mellitus.

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Section: Prolactin In Women Affected By Pregestational Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After delivery, women with PGDM commonly experience a delayed initiation of lactogenesis 103 . Early studies examining PRL levels during pregnancy in women with PGDM, particularly those with pre‐existing T1DM, have shown reduced PRL levels 104 …”

Section: Prolactin Effects On Pancreatic β‐Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus

Scairati,

Auriemma,

Del Vecchio

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Investigation

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“…EE. Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy involve several molecules in addition to estrogen (discussed in [104][105][106][107][108]). FF.…”

Section: Summary Of Points Potentially Relevant To Post-menopausal Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause?

Hart

2024

IJMS

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For much of human evolution, the average lifespan was <40 years, due in part to disease, infant mortality, predators, food insecurity, and, for females, complications of childbirth. Thus, for much of evolution, many females did not reach the age of menopause (45–50 years of age) and it is mainly in the past several hundred years that the lifespan has been extended to >75 years, primarily due to public health advances, medical interventions, antibiotics, and nutrition. Therefore, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for disease risk following menopause must have evolved during the complex processes leading to Homo sapiens to serve functions in the pre-menopausal state. Furthermore, as a primary function for the survival of the species is effective reproduction, it is likely that most of the advantages of having such post-menopausal risks relate to reproduction and the ability to address environmental stresses. This opinion/perspective will be discussed in the context of how such post-menopausal risks could enhance reproduction, with improved survival of offspring, and perhaps why such risks are preserved. Not all post-menopausal females exhibit risk for this set of diseases, and those who do develop such diseases do not have all of the conditions. The diseases of the post-menopausal state do not operate as a unified complex, but as independent variables, with the potential for some overlap. The how and why there would be such heterogeneity if the risk factors serve essential functions during the reproductive years is also discussed and the concept of sets of reversible epigenetic changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, and lactation is offered to explain the observations regarding the distribution of post-menopausal conditions and their potential roles in reproduction. While the involvement of an epigenetic system with a dynamic “modification-demodification-remodification” paradigm contributing to disease risk is a hypothesis at this point, validation of it could lead to a better understanding of post-menopausal disease risk in the context of reproduction with commonalities may also lead to future improved interventions to control such risk after menopause.

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Oral hydrolyzed whey protein in the perioperative period of cesarean section increases postoperative prolactin in mothers: a randomized controlled trial

Hu,

Xu,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Rev. Nutr.

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Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of oral administration of hydrolyzed whey protein during the perioperative period of cesarean section on postoperative prolactin levels and breast milk production in mothers. Methods triple-blind randomized trial was conducted on women who gave birth in a Chinese tertiary care hospital. Participants were randomly assigned to either the hydrolyzed whey protein or placebo group and were administered the respective substances at specific times during the perioperative period. The primary outcomes were prolactin levels and additional fluid milk intake during specific postoperative periods. Secondary observations included mothers’ subjective preoperative feelings and postoperative exhaust time. Results The study found that mothers in the hydrolyzed whey protein group had reduced visual hunger (p=0.002) and anxiety (p<0.001) while having higher neonatal blood glucose levels (p=0.041) compared to the placebo group. This group also had higher prolactin levels (p=0.009) and a reduced the number of milk additions in the first 48 hours of a newborn’s life (No-BreakpNo-Break=0.035). Conclusion Hydrolyzed whey protein intake during the cesarean section perioperative period reduces maternal hunger and anxiety, increases serum prolactin levels 3-4 hours after surgery, increases the infant’s blood glucose level 30 minutes after birth, and reduces milk supplementation in the first 48 hours.

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Prolactin in Pregnancies Affected by Pre-Existing Maternal Metabolic Conditions: A Systematic Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus

Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus

The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause?

Oral hydrolyzed whey protein in the perioperative period of cesarean section increases postoperative prolactin in mothers: a randomized controlled trial

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