Prolactin Production by the Endometrium of Early Human Pregnancy*

Maslar, Ila A.; Kaplan, Bruce M.; Luciano, Anthony A.; Riddick, Daniel H.

doi:10.1210/jcem-51-1-78

Cited by 80 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Prolactin was originally identified to be synthesized and secreted by decidualized endometrium, stripped from adherent chorionic tissue, in fetal membranes at term (Riddick and Kusmik, 1977). This observation was reported by a number of workers and has subsequently been demonstrated for uterine endometrial tissue obtained during early pregnancy (Maslar et al, 1980;Horvath etal., 1983) and from ectopic tubal pregnancy (Maslar et al, 1980). This latter observation suggests that intimate contact with trophoblast is not required for prolactin synthesis, and is supported by the report of prolactin synthesis by endometrium during the menstrual cycle (Maslar and Riddick, 1979).…”

Section: Prolactinsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…This placentally derived factor has not been characterized, but appeared to be a polypeptide with an apparent M x > 10 kd (Handwerger et al, 1983). Although this evidence suggests that the placenta could be important in the regulation of synthesis and secretion of prolactin, the observation of normal secretion by the uterine endometrium obtained from ectopic pregnancy (Maslar et al, 1980) does not support this contention unless this placentally derived factor acts systemically.…”

Section: Prolactinmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins

Bell

1986

Human Reproduction

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In contrast to our ability to monitor placental function during pregnancy, due to the availability of a range of placentally derived secretory products such as HCG, HPL, SP1, PAPP-A, etc. the equivalent monitoring of the endometrial function in implantation and pregnancy has been impaired by a lack of equivalent endometrial products. Decidual diamine oxidase and prolactin have been extensively characterized but each have clinical drawbacks and may indeed be minor products of the endometrium. Recent developments in the characterization of the major secretory protein products of the endometrium, and a re-assessment of the origin of a number of placental proteins, radically alter our ability to monitor endometrial function, offer a new clinical window on pregnancy and might provide new knowledge on the extent of feto-maternal dialogue at implantation and during pregnancy. In this review, aspects of many scientific studies, and the function and possible clinical significance of these endometrial and decidual protein products are assessed.

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Section: Prolactinsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Prolactinmentioning

confidence: 88%

Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins

Bell

1986

Human Reproduction

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“…Its synthesis and secretion by the endometrium has been demonstrated during the menstrual cycle (Maslar and Riddick 1979), in early pregnancy (Maslar et al 1980;Horvath et al 1983) and at term (Riddick and Kusmik 1977). The decidual cells of the decidualised endometrium are considered to represent the cellular origin of prolactin (Markoff et al 1983a;Braverman et al 1984).…”

Section: Synthesis and Secretion Of Proteins During The Menstrual Cycmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Secretion of Proteins by the Endometrium and Decidua

Bell¹

1988

Implantation

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“…The precise functions of decidual prolactin remain unclear, but in vitro it is known to cause the proliferation of and enhance the cytotoxicity of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells (6)(7)(8), immune cells that regulate fetal invasion into maternal tissues (9)(10)(11)(12). Prolactin protein concentrations from human decidua are much higher than those from rhesus monkeys, and human decidual tissue from early in pregnancy has a much higher capacity to release prolactin in vitro (13,14). Because there is a strong correlation between the rate of decidual prolactin (dPRL) gene expression and the rate of dPRL synthesis and secretion (15), it is likely that the gene is regulated differently at the transcriptional level in monkeys and humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of a transposon into a derived prolactin promoter with function during human pregnancy

Emera

Wagner

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Transposable elements (TEs) are known to provide DNA for host regulatory functions, but the mechanisms underlying the transformation of TEs into cis-regulatory elements are unclear. In humans two TEs-MER20 and MER39-contribute the enhancer/ promoter for decidual prolactin (dPRL), which is dramatically induced during pregnancy. We show that evolution of the strong human dPRL promoter was a multistep process that took millions of years. First, MER39 inserted near MER20 in the primate/rodent ancestor, and then there were two phases of activity enhancement in primates. Through the mapping of causal nucleotide substitutions, we demonstrate that strong promoter activity in apes involves epistasis between transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) ancestral to MER39 and derived sites. We propose a mode of molecular evolution that describes the process by which MER20/MER39 was transformed into a strong promoter, called "epistatic capture." Epistatic capture is the stabilization of a TFBS that is ancestral but variable in outgroup lineages, and is fixed in the ingroup because of epistatic interactions with derived TFBSs. Finally, we note that evolution of human promoter activity coincides with the emergence of a unique reproductive character in apes, highly invasive placentation. Because prolactin communicates with immune cells during pregnancy, which regulate fetal invasion into maternal tissues, we speculate that ape dPRL promoter activity evolved in response to increased invasiveness of ape fetal tissue.cis-regulatory evolution | human evolution | human pregnancy I n the pursuit to understand mechanisms underlying the evolution of gene regulation, it has become increasingly clear that transposable elements play a critical role in regulatory evolution by providing novel genetic elements, including new introns, promoters, enhancers, and insulators (1). In addition to individual examples showing that transposable elements (TEs) are associated with host regulatory function, computational work shows that TEs intersect with many promoter regions (2) and are overrepresented in predicted regulatory regions [(3, 4); see review by Feschotte (1)]. Many questions remain unanswered. How frequently are TEs actually co-opted for regulatory function? What is the adaptive significance of these events? Are TEs used by the host genome immediately upon insertion or do they require extensive sequence evolution before acquiring a biological role? What are the molecular changes that transform a transposable element into a cisregulatory element?In this paper we address the latter two questions posed above by investigating evolution of the decidual prolactin promoter in primates. In a recent paper we showed that the prolactin gene was independently recruited into uterine expression in primates, mice, and elephants by the co-option of different transposable elements, highlighting the frequency at which TEs can be recruited and their importance in gene regulatory innovation (5). Here we trace the evolutionary history and function of transposabl...

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Prolactin Production by the Endometrium of Early Human Pregnancy*

Cited by 80 publications

References 14 publications

Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins

Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins

Synthesis and Secretion of Proteins by the Endometrium and Decidua

Transformation of a transposon into a derived prolactin promoter with function during human pregnancy

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