Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: circadian rhythmicity and dynamic aspects

Ferrari, Ettore; Bossolo, P. A.; Foppa, Sergio; Dalzano, M.; Comis, S. D.; Morelli, Marco; Peveri, V.; A, Mengozzi

doi:10.3109/09513598809023618

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2). The majority of this studies was conducted before the first diagnostic criteria of PCOS published in 1990 by the NIH 59,60,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] . When analyzing all of these studies according to their years of publication, we note that the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia is more homogeneous since the PCOS was diagnosed with consensus criteria [73][74][75][76][77] (Fig.…”

Section: Prevalence and Causes Of Hprl In Pcos Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019?

Delcour

Robin

Young

et al. 2019

Clin Med�Insights�Reprod�Health

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) are the two most common etiologies of anovulation in women. Since the 1950s, some authors think that there is a pathophysiological link between PCOS and HPRL. Since then, many authors have speculated about the link between these two endocrine entities, but no hypothesis proposed so far could ever be confirmed. Furthermore, PCOS and HPRL are frequent endocrine diseases and a fortuitous association cannot be excluded. The evolution of knowledge about PCOS and HPRL shows that studies conducted before the 2000s are obsolete given current knowledge. Indeed, most of the studies were conducted before consensual diagnosis criteria of PCOS and included small numbers of patients. In addition, the investigation of HPRL in these studies relied on obsolete methods and did not look for the presence of macroprolactinemia. It is therefore possible that HPRL that has been attributed to PCOS corresponded in fact to macroprolactinemia or to pituitary microadenomas of small sizes that could not be detected with the imaging methods of the time. Recent studies that have conducted a rigorous etiological investigation show that HPRL found in PCOS correspond either to non-permanent increase of prolactin levels, to macroprolactinemia or to other etiologies. None of this recent study found HPRL related to PCOS in these patients. Thus, the link between PCOS and HPRL seems to be more of a myth than a well-established medical reality and we believe that the discovery of an HPRL in a PCOS patient needs a standard etiological investigation of HPRL.

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Section: Prevalence and Causes Of Hprl In Pcos Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019?

Delcour

Robin

Young

et al. 2019

Clin Med�Insights�Reprod�Health

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“…32,33 In one study that defined secondary amenorrhea as 6 months of amenorrhea, 73 of 262 patients had PCO (28%) and 23 had non-drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (8%). 34 The reported percentages of patients with PCO and hyperprolactinemia are even more confusingly varied and range from 3.2% to 66.7% [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] (see Table 1). However, with one exception, 46 all the frequencies of hyperprolactinemia in PCO patients published since 1985 vary between only 3.2% and 12.5%.…”

Section: Some Basic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperprolactinemia and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Zacur¹,

Foster²

1992

Semin Reprod Med

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“…For example, reproductive alterations that characterize menopause have been attributed to malfunction of the SCN in both rodents and primates (Wise et al ., 1999, 2002). In addition to this, the daily fluctuations of gonadotropins and prolactin are altered in a variety of pathological endocrine conditions, such as hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian syndrome (Ferrari et al ., 1988; Porcu et al ., 1997), as well as in women with premenstrual syndrome or in people that do shift work (Parry & Newton, 2001; Kuller, 2002). Understanding the relative contribution of the retinal efferents to both the SCN and neuroendocrine cells within the hypothalamus of primates may contribute to the understanding and amelioration of these conditions and others associated with disturbances in the ability of light to regulate circadian and seasonal rhythmicity.…”

Section: Functional Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct visual and circadian pathways target neuroendocrine cells in primates

Abizaid

Horváth

Keefe

et al. 2004

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The effect of light on neuroendocrine functions is thought to be mediated through retinal inputs to the circadian pacemaker, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The present studies were conducted to provide experimental evidence for this signaling modality in non-human primates. In the St. Kitts vervet monkey, anterograde tracing of SCN efferents revealed a monosynaptic pathway between the circadian clock and hypothalamic neurons producing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Using a variety of tracing techniques, direct retinal input was found to be abundant in the SCN and in other hypothalamic sites. Strikingly, in hypothalamic areas other than the SCN, primary visual afferents established direct contacts with neuroendocrine cells including those producing LHRH and dopamine, neurons that are the hypothalamic regulators of pituitary gonadotrops and prolactin. Thus, our data reveal for the first time in primates that light stimuli can reach the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, directly providing a pathway independent of but parallel to that of the circadian clock for the photic modulation of hormone release.

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Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: circadian rhythmicity and dynamic aspects

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019?

PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019?

Hyperprolactinemia and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Direct visual and circadian pathways target neuroendocrine cells in primates

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