Proliferation of Early Triassic wrinkle structures: Implications for environmental stress following the end-Permian mass extinction

Pruss, Sara B.; Fraiser, Margaret L.; Bottjer, David J.

doi:10.1130/g20354.1

Cited by 151 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Such facies has hitherto only been discussed from major crises such as the end-Ordovician, end-Permian, and the FrasnianFamennian mass extinctions. The anomalous facies are generally associated with microbial resurgence and interpreted as related to the decreased rates of grazing and infaunal activity by marine benthos immediately after an extinction, and include level-bottom stromatolites (Schubert and Bottjer 1992;Sheehan and Harris 2004), oncoids (Whalen et al 2002), and subtidal wrinkle structures (Hagadorn and Bottjer 1997;Pruss et al 2004;Calner 2005). Reduced bioturbation levels may also facilitate the formation of flatpebble conglomerates (Sepkoski 1982).…”

Section: Extinction Events and Carbonate Faciesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Silurian carbonate platforms and extinction events—ecosystem changes exemplified from Gotland, Sweden

Calner

2005

Facies

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Recent and ancient carbonate platforms are major marine ecosystems, built by various carbonate-secreting organisms with different sensitivity for environmental change. For this reason, carbonate platforms are excellent sensors for changes in contemporaneous marine environments. A variety of ecosystem changes in carbonate platforms have previously been recognised in the aftermath of mass extinction events. This paper addresses how two Silurian extinction events among graptolites, conodonts, and pentamerid brachiopods can be related to changes in the style of carbonate production and general evolution of low latitude carbonate platforms in a similar way as previously reported from the major five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. Strata formed on Gotland during the Mulde and Lau events share remarkably many similarities but are strikingly different in composition compared to other strata on the island. The event-related strata is characterised by the sudden appearance of widespread oolites, deviating reef composition, flat-pebble conglomerates, abundant microand macro-oncoids, stromatolites, and other microbial facies suggesting decreased bioturbation levels in contemporaneous shelf seas. Importantly, these changes can be tied to high-resolution biostratigraphic frameworks and global stable isotope excursions. The anomalous intervals may therefore be searched for elsewhere in order to test their regional or global significance.

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Section: Extinction Events and Carbonate Faciesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Silurian carbonate platforms and extinction events—ecosystem changes exemplified from Gotland, Sweden

Calner

2005

Facies

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“…They are common in the Late Proterozoic, but rare within the Phanerozoic (Pruss et al 2004). Salinity variations associated with freshwater plumes would have killed off much of the benthic fauna, and a reduction in grazers may have subsequently promoted matground colonization.…”

Section: Association C-storm-influenced Distal Delta Frontmentioning

confidence: 98%

Process regime change on a Silurian siliciclastic shelf: controlling influences on deposition of the Gray Sandstone Formation, Pembrokeshire, UK

Hillier

Morrissey

2009

Geological Journal

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Shallow marine deposits comprising the Silurian Gray Sandstone Formation (GSF) exhibit pronounced process regime changes through time. The formation was deposited on the southern shelf of the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin (UK), and conformably overlies the Coralliferous Formation. The basal Lithofacies Assemblage A (of Sheinwoodian age) is dominated by a storm-dominated process regime, comprising shoreface and offshore shelf facies associations. The overlying Lithofacies Assemblage B records a mixed process regime, with units being deposited under both storm-and tide-influenced conditions. Tidal-influence prevailed during deposition of the overlying Lithofacies Assemblage C, with proximal to distal facies variations across a significant tide-influenced river delta being observed. A return to stormdominated shoreface conditions is seen in the succeeding Lithofacies Assemblage D. Lithofacies Assemblage E (Homerian age) records the return of a tide-influenced river delta to the area, prior to the conformable transition into the overlying Old Red Sandstone (ORS) Red Cliff Formation (of Ludlow age). Northward thickening of the formation across southern Pembrokeshire into the Musselwick Fault indicates a tectonic control on sedimentation, the formation infilling accommodation space developed in an intra-shelf half-graben. Recurring changes in process regime from storm-to tide-influenced sedimentation may be related to the onset and subsequent cessation of tidal resonance in subbasins across the shelf area which itself was probably controlled by episodic tectonism. It is proposed that the Coralliferous and Gray Sandstone formations comprise the newly erected Marloes Group.

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“…After the destruction of coniferous vegetation, lycopod spore plants came to dominate the land (1), and total benthic marine diversity remained relatively low until the Middle Triassic time (2). This was an unusually long delay for biotic recovery after a mass extinction (3), and the Early Triassic has therefore often been viewed as an interval when global conditions remained hostile to life (4)(5)(6). Both the terminal Permian crisis and a lesser mass extinction at the end of the Middle Permian were accompanied by a sharp negative shift of stable carbon isotopes, as recorded in limestones and organic carbon in numerous marine and terrestrial strata (reviewed by Retallack et al,ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Stanley

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

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Ammonoids and conodonts, being characterized by exceptionally high background rates of origination and extinction, were vulnerable to global environmental crises, which characteristically intensified background rates of extinction. Thus, it is not surprising that these taxa suffered conspicuous mass extinctions at the times of three negative Early Triassic global carbon isotopic excursions that resembled those associated with the two preceding Permian mass extinctions. In keeping with their high rates of origination, both the ammonoids and conodonts rediversified dramatically between the Early Triassic crises. Other marine taxa, characterized by much lower intrinsic rates of origination, were held at low levels of diversity by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect all marine life, these taxa must have experienced relatively modest expansions and contractions that have yet to be discovered, because they do not stand out in the fossil record and because the stratigraphic ranges of these taxa, being of little value for temporal correlation, have not been thoroughly studied.carbon isotopes ͉ Permian

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Proliferation of Early Triassic wrinkle structures: Implications for environmental stress following the end-Permian mass extinction

Cited by 151 publications

References 23 publications

Silurian carbonate platforms and extinction events—ecosystem changes exemplified from Gotland, Sweden

Silurian carbonate platforms and extinction events—ecosystem changes exemplified from Gotland, Sweden

Process regime change on a Silurian siliciclastic shelf: controlling influences on deposition of the Gray Sandstone Formation, Pembrokeshire, UK

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

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