Proliferation of glial cells induced by lithium in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary is enhanced by dehydration

Levine, Seymour; Saltzman, Arthur; Katof, Brenda; Meister, Audrey; Cooper, Thomas B.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2184.2002.00235.x

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Vacuolar pathology within the median eminence appeared to be specific to the hyponatremic insult; no similar vacuoles have been reported in the median eminence (or other brain regions) of rodents using a variety of experimental paradigms including excitotoxicity, hyperlipemia, inflammation, lithium treatment, gonadal steroid delivery, and vitamin D treatment, among others (18, 19, 24-29). Dilutional hyponatremia was generated in the present study through injection of the nephrotoxic agent HgCl 2 similar to our previous studies (16, 17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Serum sodium levels were assessed by preparing blood taken from the inferior vena cava at the time of death. Sodium was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, as described (18, 19). The brains were removed quickly, placed into Bouin’s fluid and the base of the skull was immersed in Bouin’s fluid to fix the pituitary in situ for 24 hours at 22°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The brains were removed quickly, placed into Bouin’s fluid and the base of the skull was immersed in Bouin’s fluid to fix the pituitary in situ for 24 hours at 22°C. The brain and pituitary were embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned at 5 μm, and selected sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Sigma) and with periodic acid-Schiff-hematoxylin (PAS) (18, 19). Particular emphasis was placed on evaluating the median eminence based upon previous results (16, 17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vacuolar Pathology in the Median Eminence of the Hypothalamus After Hyponatremia

Levine¹,

Saltzman²,

Ginsberg³

2011

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol

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The median eminence of the hypothalamus is an important conduit by which neurosecretory hormones from hypothalamic nuclei are delivered to the pars nervosa (neural lobe) of the pituitary en route to the bloodstream. Dilutional hyponatremia was produced in adult rats to determine the effect on the morphology of the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Hyponatremia was caused by reducing electrolyte and organic osmolyte reserves in order to block the excretion of water through delivery of the nephrotoxin mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Histological examination of the brain 1 day following a hyponatremic insult revealed vacuolation within the median eminence of the hypothalamus. No other lesions were found in other parts of the brain following hyponatremia. The hyponatremic lesion consisted of a band of closely packed vacuoles that crossed the floor of the third ventricle. Vacuoles associated with hyponatremia were predominantly in the subependymal, fiber, reticular, and palisade layers of the median eminence. Vacuolation was not observed in the tanycyte layer of the median eminence. This study indicates that the median eminence is a potentially vulnerable site in human hyponatremic conditions that should be evaluated further in relevant animal models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vacuolar Pathology in the Median Eminence of the Hypothalamus After Hyponatremia

Levine¹,

Saltzman²,

Ginsberg³

2011

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol

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“…Lithium was reported to stimulate proliferation of various cell types [37][38][39][40]. It is also known to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus dentate gyrus of rodents [41] and rats [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Exposure to Low Lithium Concentrations Stimulates Proliferation, Modifies Stress Protein Expression Pattern and Enhances Resistance to Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells

et al. 2008

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SH-SY5Y cells, derived from a human neuroblastoma, were submitted to short- or long-term exposures to lithium carbonate concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 mM. Short-term exposures (4 days) to concentrations higher than 6 mM were found to reduce cell growth rate while exposure to 8 mM resulted in significant cell mortality. These ranges of concentrations induced an overexpression of (1) the HSP27 stress protein, (2) a 108 kDa protein (P108) recognized by an anti-phospho-HSP27(Ser78) antibody, and probably corresponding to a phosphorylated HSP27 tetramer, (3) a 105 kDa protein (P105), possible glycosylated or phosphorylated form of the GRP94 stress protein and (4) a phosphorylated (inactivated) form of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3alpha/beta) SH-SY5Y cells, when cultured in the presence of 0.5 mM lithium for 25 weeks, displayed interesting features as compared to controls: (1) higher cell growth rate, (2) increased resistance toward the inhibitory effects of high lithium concentrations on cell proliferation, (3) lower basal level of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and improved tolerance to oxidative stress induced by high lithium concentrations, (5) reduced expression of monomeric HSP27 versus an increase of corresponding tetrameric protein (P108) and (6) overexpression of a 105 kDa protein (P105). In conclusion, our study suggests that chronic treatment (over several months) by therapeutic relevant lithium concentrations could favour neurogenesis, decrease the vulnerability of neuronal cells to oxidative stress and induce posttranslational changes of molecular chaperones.

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“…Further, the mechanism by which fluid intake mediates brain health and cognition remains unclear. Evidence from animal studies is suggestive of mechanisms involving dehydration-induced decrements in neuronal cell proliferation [22] and neuronal cell shrinkage resulting from water depletion from cells [23]. Alternatively, dehydration is known to increase circulating levels of stress hormones such as cortisol [24], which has been related to decrements in cognitive function [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Total Water Intake and Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children

et al. 2015

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Background: Cognitive control (also known as executive function) encompasses mental processes that underlie goal-directed behavior, and it enables us to adjust our behavior according to changing environmental demands. Previous research among children has demonstrated that aerobic fitness and obesity have contrasting and selective effects on cognitive control. However, the relationship between water intake and childhood cognitive control remains inadequately studied. This study investigated the relationship between total water intake and cognitive control among prepubertal children (8-9-year olds). Methods: Children between 8 and 9 years of age (n = 63) performed a modified flanker task to assess cognitive control related to inhibition (ability to resist distractions and maintain focus). Diet was measured using 3-day food records. Total water was defined as water consumed from drinking water, beverages, and food. Results: A comparison of task performance across the median intake of total water revealed that children above the median exhibited shorter reaction times across multiple conditions of the flanker task, requiring variable amounts of cognitive control. Further, after adjustment of age, IQ, socioeconomic status, weight status, and aerobic fitness level, the proportion of intake comprised of water (%TW) was negatively correlated with reaction time interference, that is, the ability to maintain task performance when task conditions demanded greater inhibition. Conclusions: These results indicate an association between water intake and cognitive control using a task that modulates inhibition. Specifically, higher water intake correlated with greater ability to maintain task performance when inhibitory demands are increased. Future work is needed to determine the mechanism by which water influences cognitive control among children.

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Proliferation of glial cells induced by lithium in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary is enhanced by dehydration

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Vacuolar Pathology in the Median Eminence of the Hypothalamus After Hyponatremia

Vacuolar Pathology in the Median Eminence of the Hypothalamus After Hyponatremia

Long-term Exposure to Low Lithium Concentrations Stimulates Proliferation, Modifies Stress Protein Expression Pattern and Enhances Resistance to Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells

The Relationship between Total Water Intake and Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children

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