Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Review

Abstract

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause for failure of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair and is characterized by the growth and contraction of cellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface as well as intraretinal fibrosis. Currently, PVR is thought to be an abnormal wound healing response that is primarily driven by inflammatory, retinal, and RPE cells. At this time, surgery is the only management option for PVR as there is no proven pharmacologic agent for the treatment or prevention of PVR. Laboratory research to better understand PVR pathophysiology and clinical trials of various agents to prevent PVR formation are ongoing.

Polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

“…A growing body of evidence indicates that the mechanisms of PVR are orchestrated by multiple elements ( Idrees, Sridhar & Kuriyan, 2019 ; Jin et al, 2017 ; Pastor et al, 2016 ), such as growth factors ( Charteris, 1998 ; Ni et al, 2020 ; Pennock et al, 2014 ; Wubben, Besirli & Zacks, 2016 ), cytokines ( Bastiaans et al, 2018 ; Harada, Mitamura & Harada, 2006 ; Limb et al, 1991 ), extracellular matrix proteins ( Feist et al, 2014 ; Miller et al, 2017 ) and various cells ( Eastlake et al, 2016 ; Pennock et al, 2011 ; Shu & Lovicu, 2017 ). According to the histopathology of PVR, the fibrocellular membrane of PVR is composed of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) and multiple types of cells, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have been indicated as the most consistently present and the most abundant ( Amarnani et al, 2017 ; Ding et al, 2017 ; Hiscott et al, 1989 ; Machemer & Laqua, 1975 ), proving that the RPE cell plays a crucial role in PVR.…”

Expression Profile of Peripheral Immune Cells-derived Coding and Long Non-coding RNAs in Patients With Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

“…The incidence of PVR is estimated to be 5-10%. 18 However, as the mechanisms of PVR are still not very clear, it is di cult to predict or treat the condition despite the many efforts that are still being made. In the present study, our results identi ed differentially expressed mRNA and lncRNA in PBMCs of PVR patients and revealed that gene expression pro le and molecular signature of PVR patients.…”

“…Clinicians have tried for more than four decades to inhibit the proliferation of cells in the vitreous to prevent PVR but have not had impressive progress. 18 This situation has raised the question of whether there is anything abnormal out of the eye in this disease. The answer to this might come from the immune system.…”

“…In previous publication, Th17 and its cytokines are in ammatory mediator to RPE cells, 20 and RPE cells in in ammatory condition were thought to be a key point to PVR formation. 18 Infection had long been considered as a trigger to immune disease. In the KEGG analysis, to our surprise, rather than immune pathways, infectious related pathways related to amoebiasis, malaria or chagas disease were enriched.…”

A human amniotic membrane plug to repair retinal detachment associated with large macular tear

“…Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains the major complication associated with retinal detachment surgery and the most frequent reason for unsatisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes (Idrees et al. ). Moreover, PVR is frequently associated with large retinal tears and large areas of exposed retinal pigmented epithelium (Heimann et al.…”