Steady-state dendritic cells (DC) present peptide-MHC complexes to T cells in a tolerogenic manner, presumably because of deficient costimulation. However, it is clear that the path to tolerance involves initial T cell activation, suggesting that the deficit may lie in late-acting costimulatory molecules. With this in mind we have investigated the kinetics of expression of several costimulatory pairs on DC and OVA-reactive T cells after i.v. injection of mice with peptide and LPS (immunity), or peptide alone (tolerance). We find that T cells up-regulate CD154, OX40, RANKL and PD-1 whether they are destined for tolerance or immunity, although there are some differences in the levels and length of expression. In contrast, when analyzing DC, we found that up-regulation of CD80, CD86, CD40, RANK and PDL-1 occurred only when peptide was co-administered with LPS. These data give a picture of the T cell looking for costimulatory cues that are not forthcoming when pMHC is presented by steady-state DC, leading to tolerance. However, we did see a strong and rapid up-regulation of RANKL on T cells that occurred specifically when peptide was given in the absence of LPS, suggesting a possible positive signal influencing the decision between tolerance and immunity.
IntroductionThe form in which an Ag is administered plays a crucial role in the outcome of the immune response [1]. Ag in aggregated form, or administered with appropriate "danger" signals, such as adjuvant, induces T cell activation leading to a productive immune response. The same Ag administered in soluble, monomeric form (in the absence of "danger"), however, leads to T cell tolerance, as illustrated by the absence of T cell activation when rechallenged with Ag in adjuvant. Administration of soluble peptide Ag via the oral/ mucosal, intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), or intranasal (i.n.) routes have all been shown to successfully induce tolerance, and this approach is very effective in preventing several autoimmune models [2]. More recently, these findings have begun to be translated into peptide-based therapeutic trials to treat human autoimmune and allergic disorders, with some encouraging results [3,4]. Relatively little definitive data exist, however, concerning the cellular and molecular processes that lead to T cell tolerance rather than immunity when peptide is administered systemically in soluble form.Most evidence points to a crucial role for the DC in displaying pMHC complexes to T cells after soluble peptide administration. There is no requirement for B cells since peptide-induced tolerance develops in B celldeficient mice [5]. Early data showed that DC, but not B cells, could present efficiently ex vivo when sampled 4 h after i.v. peptide injection [6] An increasing number of costimulatory molecules have been described in recent years, in addition to the classical CD28-CD80/86 interaction. We compared expression of four costimulatory pairs during the induction of tolerance and immunity, namely CD40-CD154, OX40-OX40L, RANK-RANKL and PD-1-PD-...