Prolonged anaerobiosis in a vertebrate: Anaerobic metabolism in the freshwater turtle

Robin, Eugene D.; Vester, John W.; Murdaugh, H. V.; Millen, J. Eugene

doi:10.1002/jcp.1030630304

Cited by 115 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In addition, despite the relatively short entrapment period of only 3 h, lactate values of en-trapped turtles were similar to those found in hibernating painted turtles after 100 to 150 d (approximately 20 to 25 mmol l −1 , Reese et al 2004) at 3°C. Additionally, increased rate and intensity of movement in the net as a result of increased temperature would result in an increased rate of oxygen consumption, thereby increasing acidosis (Robin et al 1964, Jackson & Silverblatt 1974, Herbert & Jackson 1985. These findings agree with previous research suggesting that water temperature, regardless of the oxygen content, can limit duration of survival (Ultsch 1989).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological disturbances and behavioural impairment associated with the incidental capture of freshwater turtles in a commercial fyke-net fishery

Stoot¹,

Cairns²,

Blouin‐Demers³

et al. 2013

Endang. Species. Res.

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Turtles are caught as bycatch in commercial fisheries in both inland and marine waters. Turtle mortality associated with bycatch is concerning, as life-history characteristics of turtles, including high juvenile mortality and delayed sexual maturity, make them particularly susceptible to population declines following small increases in adult mortality. In eastern Ontario, Canada, freshwater turtles are encountered as bycatch in an inland commercial fyke-net fishery. Although some temperate turtle species can tolerate prolonged submergence, their ability to withstand submergence decreases as water temperatures increase such that turtles may experience severe physiological disturbances and mortality following prolonged forced submergence. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the sublethal physiological consequences and related behavioural impairments associated with fyke-net capture for 3 species of freshwater turtles (eastern musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus, northern map turtle Graptemys geographica and painted turtle Chrysemys picta). Individuals that were entrapped for 3 h at elevated water temperatures (23 to 29°C) displayed considerably higher blood lactate and lower blood pH compared to freeliving individuals. This trend was consistent across species and sexes. Despite having the largest increase in blood lactate, musk turtles did not exhibit behavioural impairment from entrapment, whereas both map and painted turtles displayed low responsiveness to behavioural assessments following entrapment. Our results suggest that sub-lethal responses can be used to identify potential harm or fitness impacts even in the absence of immediate mortality. Assessment of behavioural impairments, which could compromise activity and potentially result in post-release mortality, is important for protected and at-risk species that exhibit high juvenile mortality and delayed sexual maturity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological disturbances and behavioural impairment associated with the incidental capture of freshwater turtles in a commercial fyke-net fishery

Stoot¹,

Cairns²,

Blouin‐Demers³

et al. 2013

Endang. Species. Res.

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“…The transepithelial electrical resistance, as calculated by Ohm's Law from the linear relation of external current passed through the potential drop and recorded across the cell layer, was 83.7 I 1.2 [175] ohm-cm2. The blank membrane filter or membrane filter with a fibroblast cell layer registered a resistance much less, 6.25 i 0.70 [22] ohm-cm2, which is the same as the resistance of the fluid-filled chamber, bridges, and electrodes when no filter was present. The transepithelial resistance measurements were taken when the electrical potential was stable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Transepithelial transport in cell culture.

Misfeldt¹,

Hamamoto²,

Pitelka³

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

455

247

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In cell culture a kidney epithelial cell line, MDCK, forms a continuous sheet of identically oriented asymmetrical cells joined by circumferential occluding junctions. The reconstructed epithelial membrane has transport and permeability qualities of in vivo transporting epithelia.The cell layer can e readily manipulated when cultured on a freely permeable membrane filter and, when placed in an Ussing chamber, electrophysiological measurements can be taken. In the absence of a chemical gradient, the cell layer generates an electrical potential of 1.42 mV, the apical surface negative. It is an effective permeability barrier and lacks significant shunting at the clamped edge, as indicated by a resistance of 84 ohms.cm2, which increased when bulk flow from basolateral to apical was induced by an osmotic gradient or electroosmosis. The MDCK cell layer is cation selective with a relative permeability ratio, PNa/PCI, of 1.7. Net water flux, apical to basolateral, was 7.3 Ml cm2 hr'1 in the absence of a chemical gradient. The morphological and functional qualities of a transporting epithelium are stable in cell culture, and the potentia use of a homogeneous cell nopulation in cell culture would enhance studies of epithelial transport at the cellular and subcellular levels. In 1969 Leighton et al. (1) and Auersperg (2) described the occurrence of domes, turgid, fluid-filled, blister-like hemicysts, in cell cultures of renal and uterine cervix epithelia, respectively. Subsequently, domes have been reported in cell cultures of normal (3) and. neoplastic (4) mouse mammary epithelia, mouse liver (5), human breast adenocarcinoma (6), pig kidney (7), and frog urinary bladder epithelium (unpublished observation). In each instance, the cells cultured were from transporting epithelia. That domes represent a transport phenomenon is suggested by the presence of morpho--logical polarity unique to transporting epithelia (8), apical microvilli extending upward into the medium and occluding junctions joining adjacent cells at the apical-basolateral membrane border. As well, time-lapse photography revealed domes to be localized regions of the cell layer that lift off the culture dish substratum, gradually expand to a maximum, and then rapidly collapse (9). The establishment and characterization of epithelial transport function in cell culture has both experimental and biological significance. The cells were cultured in Waymouth's 752/1 medium (GIBCO) supplemented with penicillin (100 units/ml), streptomycin (100,gg/ml), insulin (26 IU/ml) (11), and 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum. Experiments were performed on cultures 4-21 days after plating. Membrane filters, 25 mm (Millipore HAMK 02512), were boiled for 5-10 min to remove the wetting agent and sterilize. The wet filters were affixed to plastic culture dishes by droplets of Millipore Cement Formulation no. 1 applied around the edge to hold the filter flat. The cultured cells were plated directly into the culture dish over the filter. When the cell layer and underlying filter w...

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“…In a submerged animal the pH is commonly 7 0 or less and the Pco. 80 mmHg or more (Robin, 1962;Robin, Vester, Murdaugh & Millen, 1964).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light responses of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle

Bowling¹

1980

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Recordings were made from single axons of 218 ganglion cells in the optic nerve of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Responses to light stimuli were used to classify 182 of the cells into four functional groups.2. Movement-sensitive cells (113 units) responded best to moving stimuli independent of the stimulus colour or direction of motion. Their receptive fields were organized into antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. Based on their patterns of response they were of three types: ON-centre, OFF-centre, and ON-OFF.3. Directionally selective cells (sixty-five units) responded best to stimuli that moved in one preferred direction and not to stimuli that moved in the opposite direction. Their receptive fields had antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. An area of silent inhibition could be shown on one side of the receptive fields. The preferred directions appeared to fall into three groups separated by about 120 degrees. Response patterns were of two types; OFF-centre and ON-OFF.4. Sensitizable colour cells (two units) had centre-surround organization with red-green opponent responses from both the centre and the surround (double opponent cells). In addition, the sensitivity to either of the opponent colours was effectively turned on or off by a steady background of the other opponent colour.5. Orientation cells (two units) responded best to moving bars of specific orientations in the visual field. Their receptive fields consisted of adjacent mutually antagonistic areas with linear boundaries. 6. Under photopic conditions all of the ganglion cells were most sensitive to light near 630 nm wave-length, the spectral maximum of the red-sensitive single cones in the turtle retina. About 75 % of the cells had a secondary spectral peak near 560 nm, the spectral maximum of the green-sensitive single cones. Three cells had unusually broad sensitivity extending into the blue portion of the spectrum. Over half of the cells received additional input from rods as evidenced by a shift in spectral sensitivity and increases in latencies and receptive field sizes with dark-adaptation.7. Measurements of the absolute sensitivity of the ganglion cells showed that a

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Prolonged anaerobiosis in a vertebrate: Anaerobic metabolism in the freshwater turtle

Cited by 115 publications

References 10 publications

Physiological disturbances and behavioural impairment associated with the incidental capture of freshwater turtles in a commercial fyke-net fishery

Physiological disturbances and behavioural impairment associated with the incidental capture of freshwater turtles in a commercial fyke-net fishery

Transepithelial transport in cell culture.

Light responses of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle

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