Prolonged Breast-Feeding as Prophylaxis for Atopic Disease

Saarinen, UllaM.; Backman, A; Kajosaari, Merja; Ma, Siimes

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91432-6

Cited by 258 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A few important characteristics differentiate the present study from the less recent ones [6][7][8][9]22]. First, this study was conducted in a socio-economically disadvantaged urban community, within a developing country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breast milk influences the bacterial flora in the infant gut [4], which may provide an important immune stimulus in infancy [5]. The possible protective effect of breastfeeding on allergic disease remains controversial and epidemiological studies have yielded variable results [6][7][8][9], with little information from developing countries where the infection pressure is higher.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The association of prolonged breastfeeding and allergic disease in poor urban children

Obihara

Marais²,

Gie³

et al. 2005

Eur Respir J

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The fact that breastfeeding may protect against allergic disease remains controversial, with hardly any reports from developing countries. This study investigated the association between allergic disease in children and prolonged breastfeeding.Data were collected from a 15% random sample of households from two poor suburbs of Cape Town, South Africa. Parents completed a validated International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire on allergic diseases for children aged 6-14 yrs. Other questions included breastfeeding duration, maternal smoking and parental allergy. Results were adjusted for possible confounders and for possible clustering within the household.Out of the 861 children included in the study, allergic disease in general, and hay fever in particular, were significantly less frequent in those with prolonged (o6 months) breastfeeding. There was a significant linear inverse association between breastfeeding duration and allergic disease in children without allergic parents, but not in children with an allergic predisposition.In conclusion, these results from a developing country suggest a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on the development of allergic disease, particularly hay fever, in children born to nonallergic parents. This protective effect was not found in children with an allergic predisposition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of prolonged breastfeeding and allergic disease in poor urban children

Obihara

Marais²,

Gie³

et al. 2005

Eur Respir J

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show abstract

“…Evidence from the literature suggests breastfeeding has continued signif icant protective effects to at least two years for gastrointestinal illness; 26 2-6 years for respiratory illness; 13,27 3-10 years for atopic eczema; 12,28 and three years for acute and recur rent otitis media. [29][30][31][32] • Diagnostic Classification: Data for age groups 0-12 months and 1-4 years were classif ied by principal diagnosis at the three or four-digit level according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).…”

Section: Morbidity/outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospital system costs of artificial infant feeding: estimates for the Australian Capital Territory

Smith

Thompson

Ellwood

2002

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To estimate the attributable ACT hospital system costs of treating selected infant and childhood illnesses having known associations with early weaning from human milk. Method: We identified relative risks of infant and childhood morbidity associated with exposure to artificial feeding in the early months of life vs breastfeeding from cohort studies cited by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1997 as establishing the protective effect of breastfeeding. Data for ACT breastfeeding prevalence is assessed from a 1997 prospective population‐based cohort study of 1,295 women. ACT Hospital Morbidity Data and DRG treatment costs were used to estimate the attributable fraction of costs of hospitalisation for gastrointestinal illness, respiratory illness and otitis media, eczema, and necrotising enterocolitis. Results: Although initiation rates were high (92%), less than one in 10 ACT infants are exclusively breastfed for the recommended six months, mainly due to supplementation or weaning on to formula within the first three months and the early introduction of solids by breastfeeding mothers. This study suggests the attributable hospitalisation costs of early weaning in the ACT are about $1 ‐2 million a year for the five illnesses. Conclusions and implications: Early weaning from breast milk is associated with significant hospital costs for treatment of gastrointestinal illness, respiratory illness and otitis media, eczema, and necrotising enterocolitis These costs are minimum estimates of the cost of early weaning as they exclude numerous other chronic or common illnesses and out‐of‐hospital health care costs. Higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding would reduce these costs. Interventions to protect and support breastfeeding are likely to be cost‐effective for the public health system.

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“…This has been shown to be a useful measure for atopy prevention [77]. However, weaning is potentially dangerous for the high-risk baby.…”

Section: Weaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Urging the Development of Atopic Diseases in 75 Children

Cantani¹

2017

Int J Crit Care Emerg Med

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Prediction of atopic disorders is an important step and should be carried out by examining both genetic factors and neonatal conditions. It has been known for centuries that heredity plays an important role in the development of atopy. A child with a negative family history still has about a 5-15% risk of developing atopy. However, children with a parental history of atopic disease are at higher risk for the development of atopic symptoms.It has been found that if one parent is affected, the chances of an offspring being affected vary between 20 and 40%. If both parents are affected the figure increases up to 40-60%, and 50-80% if both show the same allergic manifestations. The risk of atopy in children who have an allergic sibling ranges between 25 and 35% [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].The importance of genetic factors is also demonstrated by other data: AbstractAllergic asthma and rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis (AD), urticaria and gastrointestinal allergy, are common diseases of infants and children. It was recently estimated that 14% of children suffer from AD, 8% from food allergy, and 12% from asthma [1,2]. The cumulated incidence of these diseases in adolescents has been estimated between 25-35%, while the prevalence is about 20% [3]. The phenotypic expression of these illnesses varies extensively, being very mild in some cases, severe in many, and even life threatening in others. Specific IgE antibodies to foods and positive challenge tests to a number of food allergens are frequently present in children with these disorders. Cow's Milk (CM) appears to be the most common offending food both in gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea, etc) and in cutaneous manifestations (urticaria and AD). About 0.5-7% of infants suffer from more or less adverse reactions to CM [4]. Babies particularly of atopic parents are at high risk of developing atopic diseases; therefore they are defined as at-risk babies [5][6][7].Atopy can interfere with a child's life at any age level, with varying severity. Intractable diarrhea due to CM Allergy (CMA) and AD are the most frequent in infants, where the clinical manifestations are more severe than in older children. Respiratory allergy and bronchial asthma can be serious illnesses in younger as well as in older children.The desire to understand the multifaceted problem of atopy has stimulated the clinicians' and academicians' imagination for decades. Therefore interest has been focused on methods for the prediction and prevention of atopy [5][6][7][8][9]. Prevention of IgE-mediated diseases relies on the skill necessary to overcome the natural forces unceasingly working to sensitize humans to produce IgE antibodies. The phenotypic expression of allergic disease ensues from an elaborate interrelationship between the atopy-prone genetic constitution of a child and the experienced environment that surrounds it. Prevention of atopy could potentially be met by selectively interfering with the genetic and environmental factors that appear to be responsible in concert for the final phenotypic exp...

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Prolonged Breast-Feeding as Prophylaxis for Atopic Disease

Cited by 258 publications

References 11 publications

The association of prolonged breastfeeding and allergic disease in poor urban children

The association of prolonged breastfeeding and allergic disease in poor urban children

Hospital system costs of artificial infant feeding: estimates for the Australian Capital Territory

Environmental Factors Urging the Development of Atopic Diseases in 75 Children

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