Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism

Allison, Kelly C.; Hopkins, Christina M.; Ruggieri, Madelyn; Spaeth, Andrea M.; Ahima, Rexford S.; Zhang, Zhe; Taylor, Deanne; Goel, Namni

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.077

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The association we observed between RAR and obesity is in accordance with previous studies that identified circadian disruption as a determinant of excess body fat accumulation ( 10 , 46 ). A growing body of experimental data suggests that the association between circadian disruption and obesity can be attributed to dysregulation of energy homeostasis caused by altered rhythmicity of hormones, primarily melatonin, leptin, and glucocorticoids ( 46 , 47 ).Later timing of food intake, which often results from circadian misalignment ( 48 ), has also been strongly linked to weight gain and obesity ( 49 , 50 ), with potential mediating mechanisms including reduced resting and postprandial energy expenditure and increased insulin resistance ( 51 , 52 ). On the other hand, because the fasting-feeding cycle contributes to synchronise peripheral circadian rhythms with the central clock, shifted mealtimes may also evoke or aggravate circadian disruption by uncoupling peripheral and central clocks ( 53 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rest-Activity Rhythm Is Associated With Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Vungarala

Somers

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity continues to increase in spite of substantial efforts towards its prevention, posing a major threat to health globally. Circadian disruption has been associated with a wide range of preclinical and clinical disorders, including obesity. However, whether rest-activity rhythm (RAR), an expression of the endogenous circadian rhythm, is associated with excess adiposity is poorly understood. Here we aimed to assess the association of RAR with general and abdominal obesity.MethodsNon-institutionalized adults aged ≥20 years participating in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 who wore accelerometers for at least four 24-hour periods were included (N=7,838). Amplitude, mesor, acrophase and pseudo-F statistic of RAR were estimated using extended cosinor model, and interdaily stability (IS) and intradaily variability (IV) were computed by nonparametric methods. We tested the association between rest-activity rhythm and general obesity defined by body mass index and abdominal obesity by waist circumference. Waist-to-height ratio, sagittal abdominal diameter, and total and trunk fat percentages measured by imaging methods were also analyzed.ResultsIn multivariable analysis, low amplitude (magnitude of the rhythm), mesor (rhythm-corrected average activity level), pseudo-F statistic (robustness of the rhythm), IS (day-to-day rhythm stability), or high IV (rhythm fragmentation) were independently associated with higher likelihood of general or abdominal obesity (all Ps<.05). Consistently, RAR metrics were similarly associated with all adiposity measures (all Ps<.01). Delayed phase of RAR (later acrophase) was only significantly related to general and abdominal obesity in women.ConclusionsAberrant RAR is independently associated with anthropometric and imaging measures of general and abdominal obesity. Longitudinal studies assessing whether RAR metrics can predict weight gain and incident obesity are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rest-Activity Rhythm Is Associated With Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Vungarala

Somers

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…For example, early time-restricted feeding (fasting from 1500 h daily) in men with prediabetes improved their insulin sensitivity within 5 weeks without losing weight, simply by extending their usual overnight fast to 18 hours (15). This effect on insulin sensitivity has since been confirmed in healthy young adults after only 2 weeks of fasting for 16 hours from 1600 h each day (16) and after 8 weeks of simply restricting typical daily meals to an 11-hour period ending at 1900 h (17). The other common form of intermittent fasting that routinely involves such protracted postabsorptive periods is complete alternate-day fasting (no energy intake whatsoever during fasting days), yet almost no research has examined fasting periods that span an entire day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults

et al. 2021

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Intermittent fasting may impart metabolic benefits independent of energy balance by initiating fasting-mediated mechanisms. This randomized controlled trial examined 24-hour fasting with 150% energy intake on alternate days for 3 weeks in lean, healthy individuals (0:150; n = 12). Control groups involved a matched degree of energy restriction applied continuously without fasting (75% energy intake daily; 75:75; n = 12) or a matched pattern of fasting without net energy restriction (200% energy intake on alternate days; 0:200; n = 12). Primary outcomes were body composition, components of energy balance, and postprandial metabolism. Daily energy restriction (75:75) reduced body mass (−1.91 ± 0.99 kilograms) almost entirely due to fat loss (−1.75 ± 0.79 kilograms). Restricting energy intake via fasting (0:150) also decreased body mass (−1.60 ± 1.06 kilograms; P = 0.46 versus 75:75) but with attenuated reductions in body fat (−0.74 ± 1.32 kilograms; P = 0.01 versus 75:75), whereas fasting without energy restriction (0:200) did not significantly reduce either body mass (−0.52 ± 1.09 kilograms; P ≤ 0.04 versus 75:75 and 0:150) or fat mass (−0.12 ± 0.68 kilograms; P ≤ 0.05 versus 75:75 and 0:150). Postprandial indices of cardiometabolic health and gut hormones, along with the expression of key genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, were not statistically different between groups (P > 0.05). Alternate-day fasting less effectively reduces body fat mass than a matched degree of daily energy restriction and without evidence of fasting-specific effects on metabolic regulation or cardiovascular health.

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“…Some studies, but not all ( 17 – 20 ), have shown no associations between late eating and total energy intake (TEI) either cross-sectionally ( 13 ) or during weight loss ( 12 , 14 , 21 ). Based on these results and those of experimental studies exploring the effect of timing of food intake on metabolism ( 1 , 22 – 24 ), it has been suggested that late eating impacts body weight mainly through energy expenditure (e.g., lower thermic effect of foods) ( 24 ) rather than through energy intake ( 1 ). However, late eating resulted in higher daily appetite sensations in two recent cross-over randomised controlled trials in which food intake was fully controlled ( 25 , 26 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Associations of timing of food intake with energy intake, eating behaviour traits and psychosocial factors in adults with overweight and obesity

et al. 2023

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IntroductionWhether a late distribution of food intake impacts obesity through increased energy intake remains uncertain and the behavioural characterization of late eating needs to be further investigated. The first objective of this study was to assess the associations between late eating and body mass index (BMI) and total energy intake (TEI), and whether TEI mediates the association between late eating and BMI. The second objective was to assess the associations between late eating and eating behaviour traits or psychosocial factors and whether eating behaviour traits mediate the association between late eating and TEI.MethodsBaseline data from 301 individuals (56% women, age = 38.7 ± 8.5 years; BMI = 33.2 ± 3.4 kg/m2), who participated in four weight loss studies were used in this cross-sectional study. Total energy intake was assessed using a three-day food record from which the percentage of TEI after 17:00 and after 20:00 was calculated. Eating behaviour traits and psychosocial factors were assessed with questionnaires. Pearson correlations and mediation analyses adjusted for age, sex, underreporting of energy intake, sleep duration and bedtime were performed.ResultsPercent TEI after 17:00 and after 20:00 were associated with TEI (r = 0.13, p = 0.03 for both), and TEI mediated the association between percent TEI after 17:00 and BMI (β = 0.01 ± 0.01, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.02). Percent TEI after 17:00 was associated with disinhibition (r = 0.13, p = 0.03) and percent TEI after 20:00 was associated with susceptibility to hunger (r = 0.13, p = 0.03), stress (r = 0.24, p = 0.002) and anxiety (r = 0.28, p = 0.0004). In women, disinhibition mediated the association between percent TEI after 17:00 and TEI (β = 3.41 ± 1.43, 95% CI: 0.92, 6.47). Susceptibility to hunger mediated the association between percent TEI after 20:00 and TEI (β = 0.96 ± 0.59, 95% CI: 0.02, 2.34) in men and women.ConclusionLate eating is associated with TEI and suboptimal eating behaviours which could contribute to explaining the association between timing of food intake and obesity.

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Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Rest-Activity Rhythm Is Associated With Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Rest-Activity Rhythm Is Associated With Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults

Associations of timing of food intake with energy intake, eating behaviour traits and psychosocial factors in adults with overweight and obesity

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