“…Layer 1 is a unique neocortical layer that is devoid of excitatory neurons, but contains a rich plexus of axons, the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons, and a relatively low density of GABAergic interneurons (Winer and Larue, 1989;Prieto et al, 1994). Layer 1 interneurons form cell-class specific circuits in the neocortex (Chu et al, 2003;Letzkus et al, 2011;Wozny and Williams, 2011;Arroyo et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2013). One class of layer 1 interneurons, neurogliaform cells (NGFCs), provide a direct source of apical dendritic inhibition to layer 2/3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons by the activation of GABA B receptors (Tamás et al, 2003;Oláh et al, 2009;Wozny and Williams, 2011;Palmer et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2013), whereas other classes of layer 1 interneurons predominately disinhibit pyramidal neurons through disynaptic circuits (Christophe et al, 2002;Letzkus et al, 2011;Arroyo et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2013).…”