Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child

Zhang, Huaihui; Shang, Zhilei; Wu, Lili; Sun, Zhuoer; Zhang, Fan; Sun, Luna; Zhou, Yaoguang; Wang, Yan; Liu, Weizhi

doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1726071

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Prevalence of PGD found in our COVID-19 related bereaved sample (37.8%) is higher than Chinese people bereaved 55 months ago (12.7%) and German-speaking people bereaved 48 months ago (7.3%); both studies used the same measure and diagnostic algorithm [ 39 ]. The number is also higher than the prevalence of PGD in a sample of bereaved Wenchuan earthquake survivors in China (8.47%) [ 16 ] and a group of Chinese Shidu parents (i.e., parents who lost their only child) bereaved 7 years ago (22.2%) [ 47 ], who are undergoing the most painful and traumatic experience than other types of loss and facing physical and psychological challenges [ 48 ]. The number is similar to the prevalence in a large-scale survey of Chinese Shidu parents bereaved 9 years ago (35.5%) [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Tang

Xiang²

2021

Global Health

123

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Background Deaths by COVID-19 have left behind nearly 12 million recent bereaved individuals worldwide and researchers have raised concerns that the circumstances of COVID-19 related deaths will lead to a rise prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) cases. However, to date, no studies have examined the prevalence of PGD among people bereaved due to COVID-19. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PGD and investigated demographic and loss-related factors associated with prolonged grief symptoms among Chinese individuals bereaved due to COVID-19. Methods This was a cross-sectional online survey conducted between September 1 and October 3, 2020. A total of 422 Chinese participants (55.5% males; 32.73 [9.31] years old) who lost a close person due to COVID-19 participated in the study. Demographic and loss-related information was collected, and self-reported prolonged grief symptoms were measured by a 13-item International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS: 1–65) and a 17-item Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR: 1–85). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of levels of grief symptoms. Results Prevalence of PGD was 37.8% screened by IPGDS and 29.3% by TGI-SR. No difference was found in levels of grief symptoms between participants whose close one died more than 6 months ago and those who experienced the loss less than 6 months ago. More severe prolonged grief symptoms assessed by IPGDS was associated with losing a close person by COVID-19 rather than complications (B: 5.35; 95% CI: 0.54–10.05), losing a partner (B: 7.80; 95% CI: 3.24–12.37), child (B: 8.15; 95% CI: 1.03–15.26), and parent (B: 5.49; 95% CI: 1.49–9.48) rather than losing a relative or a person with other relationship, feeling more traumatic about the loss (B: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.52–2.90), being closer with the deceased (B: 1.60; 95% CI: 0.34–2.86). Moreover, Losing a grandparent (B: 6.62; 95% CI: 0.53–12.71) and having more conflicts with the deceased (B: 1.05; 95% CI: − 0.008–2.11) were related to higher levels of grief symptoms assessed by TGI-SR. Conclusions Echoing researchers’ concerns, the prevalence of PGD is high among people bereaved due to COVID-19. Individuals with a higher risk of developing PGD should be identified and bereavement support should be offered as early as possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Tang

Xiang²

2021

Global Health

123

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“…Prevalence of PGD found in our COVID-19 related bereaved sample (37.8%) is higher than Chinese people bereaved 55 months ago (12.7%) and German-speaking people bereaved 48 months ago (7.3%); both studies used the same measure and diagnostic algorithm [39]. The number is also higher than the prevalence of PGD in a sample of bereaved Wenchuan earthquake survivors in China (8.47%) [16] and a group of Chinese Shidu parents (i.e., parents who lost their only child) bereaved 7 years ago (22.2%) [47], who are undergoing the most painful and traumatic experience than other types of loss and facing physical and psychological challenges [48]. The number is similar to the prevalence in a large-scale survey of Chinese Shidu parents bereaved 9 years ago (35.5%) [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Tang

Xiang²

2021

Preprint

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Background: Deaths by COVID-19 have left behind nearly 12 million recent bereaved individuals worldwide and researchers have raised concerns that the circumstances of COVID-19 related deaths will lead to a rise prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) cases. However, to date, no studies have examined the prevalence of PGD among people bereaved due to COVID-19. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PGD and investigated demographic and loss-related factors associated with prolonged grief symptoms among Chinese individuals bereaved due to COVID-19.Methods: This was a cross-sectional online survey conducted between September 1 and October 3, 2020. A total of 422 Chinese participants (55.5% males; 32.73 [9.31] years old) who lost a close person due to COVID-19 participated in the study. Demographic and loss-related information was collected, and self-reported prolonged grief symptoms were measured by a 13-item International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS: 1–65) and a 17-item Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR: 1–85). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of levels of grief symptoms.Results: Prevalence of PGD was 37.8% screened by IPGDS and 29.3% by TGI-SR. No difference was found in levels of grief symptoms between participants whose close one died more than 6 months ago and those who experienced the loss less than 6 months ago. More severe prolonged grief symptoms assessed by IPGDS was associated with losing a close person by COVID-19 rather than complications (B: 5.35; 95% CI: 0.54–10.05), losing a partner (B: 7.80; 95% CI: 3.24–12.37), child (B: 8.15; 95% CI: 1.03–15.26), and parent (B: 5.49; 95% CI: 1.49–9.48) rather than losing a relative or a person with other relationship, feeling more traumatic about the loss (B: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.52–2.90), being closer with the deceased (B: 1.60; 95% CI: 0.34–2.86). Moreover, Losing a grandparent (B: 6.62; 95% CI: 0.53–12.71) and having more conflicts with the deceased (B: 1.05; 95% CI: -0.008–2.11) were related to higher levels of grief symptoms assessed by TGI-SR. Conclusions: Echoing to researchers’ concerns, prevalence of PGD is high among people bereaved due to COVID-19. Individuals with higher risk of developing PGD should be identified and bereavement support should be offered as early as possible.

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“…Several studies have reported risk factors associated with the development of PGD in Western samples, including gender and age of parent/child and household income (Chiambretto et al, 2010; Pohlkamp et al, 2018). A few studies have explored PGD symptoms among shiduers in China, where researchers found that the number of years since the loss, perception of the family's economic situation, gender, and loss-related memory were prominent risk factors for the development of PGD symptoms (Zhang et al, 2020; Zhang & Jia, 2019). However, it remains unclear about how to help bereaved parents reduce their PGD symptoms and cope with life without their child.…”

Section: Pgd Symptoms After Child Deceasedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social support and prolonged grief disorder symptoms in parents who lost their only child from urban and rural China.

Song¹,

Fu²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Objective: The one-child policy has existed in China for more than 30 years. It brought benefits to the country's economic development and reduced the magnitude of the population within a short period. However, it has led to the emergence of a significant number of parents who have lost their only child, referred to as shiduers (失独者). This study explored the symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) among shiduers and their relationship with the social support shiduers received after they lost the child, specifically accounting for the disparity between rural and urban areas. Method: In total, 405 participants were recruited with a mean age of 60.37 years (SD = 7.78). Around 68.75% were female, and 58.66% were urban shiduers. They were asked to complete a series of self-reported questionnaires, including demographic information, the Social Support Rate Scale, and the Prolonged Grief-13. Results: First, 29.63% of the participants (N = 120) fulfilled the International Classification of Diseases (11th rev.) diagnostic criteria for PGD symptoms; second, PGD symptoms of shiduers were negatively related to social support, including objective support, subjective support, and the availability of support; and third, urban/rural location moderated the effect of objective support on the PGD symptoms of shiduers, but not the effect of subjective support on PGD symptoms. Furthermore, the simple-slope tests indicated that the shiduers in rural areas benefited most from objective support. Conclusions: The present results revealed high rates of PGD symptoms in Chinese shiduers, and our findings highlight the important role of urban/rural location in the relationship between social support and PGD symptoms. Clinical Impact StatementThis study could help government leaders and primary health care workers to create targeted programs for shiduers in the future, especially those living in rural areas.

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Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child

Cited by 22 publications

References 70 publications

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults

Social support and prolonged grief disorder symptoms in parents who lost their only child from urban and rural China.

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