Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11

Prigerson, Holly G.; Horowitz, Mardi J.; Jacobs, Selby; Parkes, Colin Murray; Aslan, Mihaela; Goodkin, Karl; Raphael, Beverley; Marwit, Samuel J.; Wortman, Camille B.; Neimeyer, Robert A.; Bonanno, George A.; Block, Susan D.; Kissane, David W.; Boelen, Paul A.; Maercker, Andreas; Litz, Brett T.; Johnson, Jeffrey G.; First, Michael B.; Maciejewski, Paul K.

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121

Cited by 1,506 publications

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“…The Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13; Prigerson et al, 2009) is a self-report measure that consists of 13 items evaluating symptoms of PGD (e.g. ‘In the past month, how often have you felt yourself longing or yearning for the person you lost?’) on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all to 5 = several times a day/overwhelmingly).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), which is a protracted, clinically significant, and functionally impairing form of grief, is experienced by 10–15% of those grieving a non-violent death (Lundorff, Holmgren, Zachariae, Farver-Vestergaard, & O’Connor, 2017; Prigerson et al, 2009) as compared with 30–70% of those grieving a violent death (McDevitt-Murphy et al, 2012; Mitchell, Kim, Prigerson, & Mortimer-Stephens, 2004; Momartin, Silove, Manicavasagar, & Steel, 2004; Shear, Jackson, Essock, Donahue, & Felton, 2006). PGD has been differentiated from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and post-loss depression (Boelen & Van Den Bout, 2005; Bonanno et al, 2007; Lichtenthal, Cruess, & Prigerson, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prolonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: the mediating role of meaning

Milman

Neimeyer

Fitzpatrick

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is over-represented among those who have lost loved ones to violent causes. To tailor PGD interventions for this vulnerable population it is critical to examine the aetiology of PGD specifically in the context of violent death bereavement. Previous studies have suggested that violent loss increases symptoms of PGD by hindering the mourner’s ability to make meaning of the death or its aftermath. However, these studies have relied on cross sectional data that preclude genuine prediction and have not differentiated among specific themes of meaning. Objective: This study aimed to identify specific themes of meaning that mediate the detrimental impact of violent loss on subsequent emergence of PGD symptomatology among the violently bereft. Method: A longitudinal, prospective design (N = 171) was used to assess violent loss and themes of meaning an average of six months post-loss allowing for prediction of PGD symptoms an average of eight months later. Results: Violent loss had a significant indirect effect on PGD symptomatology when meaning themes focusing on sense of peace and continuing bonds served as mediators. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the mediating role that specific meaning themes play in the development of PGD symptomatology following violent loss. These findings highlight the potential benefits of applying a meaning-based intervention approach with the violently bereft.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Prolonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: the mediating role of meaning

Milman

Neimeyer

Fitzpatrick

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…With regard to assessment, several questionnaires and measures have been developed for disordered grief (Jordan & Litz, 2014; Maercker & Lalor, 2012). Of note, in 1995, Prigerson and colleagues developed one of the initial assessment questionnaires, the ‘Inventory of Complicated Grief’ (Prigerson et al, 2008, 1995) that became the basis for two sets of diagnostic criteria: PGD-2009 criteria and CG criteria (Horowitz et al, 1997; Prigerson et al, 2009, 1999; Shear et al, 2011). Each will be described below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2009, a broad group of authors developed a consensus on the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of PGD, here termed PGD-2009 criteria (Horowitz et al, 1997; Prigerson et al, 2009, 1999). An analysis of a sample of 317 individuals from the Yale Bereavement Study (Prigerson et al, 2009) generated sensitive and specific items for the PGD-2009 criteria (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An analysis of a sample of 317 individuals from the Yale Bereavement Study (Prigerson et al, 2009) generated sensitive and specific items for the PGD-2009 criteria (Table 1). Around the same time as the refinement of the PGD-2009 criteria, Shear and colleagues built on the earlier conceptualization of disordered grief as CG and proposed important mechanisms for the behavioural and biological aetiology (Shear et al, 2007; Zisook & Shear, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability

Killikelly

Maercker

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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144

114

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A new mental health disorder, prolonged grief disorder (PGD), will be included in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). We provide a brief overview of the historical conceptualizations of disordered grief and the previous research efforts to assess and define this condition. We describe the new ICD-11 PGD symptom criteria and how they are conceptualized in terms of the World Health Organization’s call for improved clinical utility. Finally, we review the research evidence for the clinical utility of the new ICD-11 PGD symptom structure and usability in the international arena.

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Grief in Children and Adolescents Bereaved by Sudden Parental Death

Melhem

Porta

Shamseddeen

et al. 2011

Arch Gen Psychiatry

188

177

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Context There have been major advances in our understanding of the phenomenology and course of grief in adults. However, little is known about the course of grief in children. Objective We report on course and impact of children’s grief reactions following parental sudden death on subsequent psychiatric and functional status. Design Longitudinal study of bereaved children and families with yearly comprehensive assessments up to three years after parental death. Setting Bereaved children and their surviving parents recruited through the coroners’ records and advertisement. Participants 182 parentally bereaved children between 7 and 18 years of age whose parent died from suicide, accident, or sudden natural deaths. Main Exposure Sudden parental death. Main Outcome Measures Grief, functional impairment, incident depression. Results There were 3 distinct trajectories of grief reactions with a group, consisting of 10.4% of the sample, with increased grief reactions that showed no change 33 months post-death. Youths with prolonged grief reactions had higher rates of previous personal history of depression. Prolonged grief made unique contribution to increased levels of functional impairment even after controlling for clinical characteristics antecedent and following the death. Conversely, prolonged grief, both in youths and the surviving caregiver, predisposed to an increased hazard of incident depression. Another group (30%) showed increased grief reactions 9 months following the death, which gradually decreased over time. Despite this, grief reactions in this group were also associated with functional impairment and increased risk of incident depression. Conclusions Grief reactions abate over time for most children bereaved by sudden parental death; however, a subset show increased or prolonged grief reactions, which in turn increases the risk for functional impairment and depression. Research on interventions designed to relieve the burden of grief in bereaved children are needed. Such efforts should also assess and address grief reactions in the surviving parent.

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Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11

Abstract: Holly Prigerson and colleagues tested the psychometric validity of criteria for prolonged grief disorder (PGD) to enhance the detection and care of bereaved individuals at heightened risk of persistent distress and dysfunction.

Cited by 1,506 publications

References 60 publications

Prolonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: the mediating role of meaning

Prolonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: the mediating role of meaning

Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability

Grief in Children and Adolescents Bereaved by Sudden Parental Death

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