Prolonged static stretching causes acute, nonmetabolic fatigue and impairs exercise tolerance during severe-intensity cycling

Colosio, Alessandro L.; Teso, Massimo; Pogliaghi, Silvia

doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0981

“…These metabolites dispersed from the exercised muscle can be transported through the cardiovascular system to non-exercised muscles throughout the body (Bangsbo et al 1996;Halperin et al 2014;Johnson et al 2014;Nordsborg et al 2003) adversely affecting muscle contractility. However, a passive (minimally active muscle contractions) SS routine is unlikely to generate metabolic expenditures that would result in a substantial accumulation and global dispersal of force inhibiting metabolites (Colosio et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-local Acute Passive Stretching Effects on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Behm

¹

,

Alizadeh

²

,

Anvar

³

et al. 2021

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Background: Unilateral fatigue and static stretching (SS) can impair performance and increase range of motion of a non-exercised or non-stretched muscle respectively. An underdeveloped research area is the effect of unilateral stretching on non-local force output.Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the effects of unilateral SS on contralateral, non-stretched, muscle force and identify gaps in the literature for future research.Methods: A systematic literature search following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines was performed according to prescribed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted means and ranges highlighted the non-local force output response to unilateral stretching. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess study risk of bias and methodological quality.Results: Unilateral stretching protocols, from six studies, involved 6.3±2 repetitions of 36.3±7.4 seconds with 19.3±5.7 seconds recovery between stretches. The mean stretch-induced force deficits exhibited small magnitude effect sizes for both the stretched (-0.35: 0.01 to -1.8) and contralateral, non-stretched, muscles (-0.22: 0.08 to -1.1). Control measures exhibited trivial deficits. Further research should investigate effects of lower intensity stretching, upper versus lower body stretching, different age groups, incorporate full warm-ups, and identify predominant mechanisms among others. Conclusion:The limited literature examining non-local effects of prolonged SS revealed that both the stretched and contralateral, non-stretched, limbs of young adults demonstrate small magnitude decrements in force output. However, the frequency of these effects were similar with three measures demonstrating deficits, and four measures showing trivial changes. These results highlight the possible global effects of prolonged SS.

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“…Of the V O 2sc recorded at the mouth, around 85% originates from the contracting muscles, while the remaining 15% is caused by the increased cost of ventilation [31]. Considering the muscular component of the V O 2sc , it was proposed that either the recruitment of less efficient type II motor units necessary to maintain a specific power output [8,9,24] or metabolic instability occurring within the working fibres [36,39] could represent the main physiological underpinnings. In both scenarios, muscle contractions become less efficient, therefore requiring a higher energetic demand in order to maintain the same external power output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic instability vs fibre recruitment contribution to the $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ slow component in different exercise intensity domains

Colosio

¹

,

Caen

²

,

Bourgois

³

et al. 2021

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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This study focused on the steady-state phase of exercise to evaluate the relative contribution of metabolic instability (measured with NIRS and haematochemical markers) and muscle activation (measured with EMG) to the oxygen consumption ($${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 ) slow component ($${\dot{V}O_2}{_s}{_c}$$ V ˙ O 2 s c ) in different intensity domains. We hypothesized that (i) after the transient phase, $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 , metabolic instability and muscle activation tend to increase differently over time depending on the relative exercise intensity and (ii) the increase in $${\dot{V}O_2}{_s}{_c}$$ V ˙ O 2 s c is explained by a combination of metabolic instability and muscle activation. Eight active men performed a constant work rate trial of 9 min in the moderate, heavy and severe intensity domains. $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 , root mean square by EMG (RMS), deoxyhaemoglobin by NIRS ([HHb]) and haematic markers of metabolic stability (i.e. [La−], pH, HCO3−) were measured. The physiological responses in different intensity domains were compared by two-way RM-ANOVA. The relationships between the increases of [HHb] and RMS with $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 after the third min were compared by simple and multiple linear regressions. We found domain-dependent dynamics over time of $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 , [HHb], RMS and the haematic markers of metabolic instability. After the transient phase, the rises in [HHb] and RMS showed medium–high correlations with the rise in $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ V ˙ O 2 ([HHb] r = 0.68, p < 0.001; RMS r = 0.59, p = 0.002). Moreover, the multiple linear regression showed that both metabolic instability and muscle activation concurred to the $${\dot{V}O_2}{_s}{_c}$$ V ˙ O 2 s c (r = 0.75, [HHb] p = 0.005, RMS p = 0.042) with metabolic instability possibly having about threefold the relative weight compared to recruitment. Seventy-five percent of the dynamics of the $${\dot{V}O_2}{_s}{_c}$$ V ˙ O 2 s c was explained by [HHb] and RMS.

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“…These metabolites dispersed from the exercised muscle can be transported to non-exercised muscles throughout the body (Bangsbo et al 1996;Halperin et al 2014;Johnson et al 2014;Nordsborg et al 2003) adversely affecting muscle contractility. However, a passive SS routine is unlikely to generate metabolic expenditures that would result in a substantial accumulation and global dispersal of force inhibiting metabolites (Colosio et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults

Behm

¹

,

Alizadeh

²

,

Drury

³

et al. 2021

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Background: Static stretching (SS) can impair performance and increase range of motion of a nonexercised or non-stretched muscle respectively. An underdeveloped research area is the effect of unilateral stretching on non-local force output.Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the effects of unilateral SS on contralateral, non-stretched, muscle force and identify gaps in the literature.Methods: A systematic literature search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines was performed according to prescribed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted means and ranges highlighted the non-local force output response to unilateral stretching. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to assess study risk of bias and methodological quality.Results: Unilateral stretching protocols from six studies involved 6.3±2 repetitions of 36.3±7.4 seconds with 19.3±5.7 seconds recovery between stretches. The mean stretch-induced force deficits exhibited small magnitude effect sizes for both the stretched (-6.7±7.1%, d=-0.35: 0.01 to -1.8) and contralateral, non-stretched, muscles (-4.0±4.9%, d=-0.22: 0.08 to -1.1). Control measures exhibited trivial deficits. Conclusion:The limited literature examining non-local effects of prolonged SS revealed that both the stretched and contralateral, non-stretched, limbs of young adults demonstrate small magnitude force deficits. However, the frequency of studies with these effects were similar with three measures demonstrating deficits, and four measures showing trivial changes. These results highlight the possible global (non-local) effects of prolonged SS. Further research should investigate effects of lower intensity stretching, upper versus lower body stretching, different age groups, incorporate full warm-ups, and identify predominant mechanisms among others.

show abstract

Prolonged static stretching causes acute, nonmetabolic fatigue and impairs exercise tolerance during severe-intensity cycling

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Non-local Acute Passive Stretching Effects on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Non-local Acute Passive Stretching Effects on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Metabolic instability vs fibre recruitment contribution to the $${\dot{V}O_2}$$ slow component in different exercise intensity domains

Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults

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