Promising Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic poly-articular chronic autoimmune joint disease that mainly damages the hands and feet, which affects 0.5% to 1.0% of the population worldwide. With the sustained development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), significant success has been achieved for preventing and relieving disease activity in RA patients. Unfortunately, some patients still show limited response to DMARDs, which puts forward new requirements for special targets and novel therapies. Understanding the pathogenetic roles of the various molecules in RA could facilitate discovery of potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this review, both existing and emerging targets, including the proteins, small molecular metabolites, and epigenetic regulators related to RA, are discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms that result in inflammation and the development of new drugs for blocking the various modulators in RA.

Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview

“…There has also been a reported dosedependent alteration of lipid metabolism, but without a correlation with an increased risk of cardiac disease [212]. Table 2 provides an overview of JAKi, emphasizing their novelty in RA management and presenting their molecular targets and safety profiles [212,219]. Clinical trials have provided complex information on the safety and efficacy profile of JAKi and an increase in their future use is expected as the pathophysiological processes of RA and the pharmacological properties of therapeutic agents are fully elucidated.…”

“…Numerous new therapeutic targets are being researched and potential therapeutic agents are in various stages of testing in order to obtain a complete remission of RA. The present and future of targeted therapies are summarized in Figure 5 [12,219]. Huang et al (2021), updated and considered complex information about small molecular metabolite targets (prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, leukotriene B4 receptor, plateletactivating factor, cannabinoid receptors, inducible nitric oxide, etc.)…”

“…There has also been a reported dose-dependent alteration of lipid metabolism, but without a correlation with an increased risk of cardiac disease [ 212 ]. Table 2 provides an overview of JAKi, emphasizing their novelty in RA management and presenting their molecular targets and safety profiles [ 212 , 219 ].…”

“…Numerous new therapeutic targets are being researched and potential therapeutic agents are in various stages of testing in order to obtain a complete remission of RA. The present and future of targeted therapies are summarized in Figure 5 [ 12 , 219 ].…”

Identification of Diagnostic Signatures and Immune Cell Infiltration Characteristics in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Integrating Bioinformatic Analysis and Machine-Learning Strategies

“…B cells impact bone remodeling in RA (10). Nevertheless, the molecular system allowing different immune cells to impact RA occurrence and progresses should be clarified (11). For the mentioned reason, according to the aspect of immune systems, evaluating immune cells' infiltration and ascertaining the distinctions within the infiltrating immune cells' components are critical in elucidating RA molecular system and finding novel immunotherapeutic target.…”