Promoting cocoa agroforestry under conditions of separated ownership of land and trees: Strengthening customary tenure institutions in Cameroon

Folefack, Achille Jean Jaza; Darr, Dietrich

doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105524

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For example farmers must understand that they will not receive market prices for sequestered C due to operational cost accrued in the process of selling C (Tipper 2002;Smith et al 2007). Absence of land and tree ownership rights by cocoa sharecroppers and land title certificates by land owners will greatly affect the implementation of C payments if not properly addressed (Smith et al 2007;Jaza Folefack and Darr 2021). Because of such hurdles C payments for African cocoa agroforesters in the short term may not be feasible (Jaza Folefack and Darr 2021).…”

Section: Economic Profitabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Absence of land and tree ownership rights by cocoa sharecroppers and land title certificates by land owners will greatly affect the implementation of C payments if not properly addressed (Smith et al 2007;Jaza Folefack and Darr 2021). Because of such hurdles C payments for African cocoa agroforesters in the short term may not be feasible (Jaza Folefack and Darr 2021).…”

Section: Economic Profitabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can carbon payments improve profitability of traditional conventional and organic cocoa agroforests? A case study in the Eastern Region of Ghana

et al. 2023

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This study investigates the carbon (C) sequestration of traditional cocoa agroforestry systems in the Eastern Region of Ghana and the theoretical impact of CO2 emission rights trading on their profitability. The study was conducted in four villages of Suhum Municipality, two each with either conventional or organic cocoa cultivation systems. Profitability was calculated using net present value of net cashflow (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR). Carbon revenues were calculated using CO2 emission trading rights prices ranging from 7.5 € tCO2eq.−1 (average EU trading price) to 42 € tCO2eq.−1(estimated social cost of CO2 release). We tested the sensitivity of profitability indicators with three scenarios: 300% increase in interest rates, 20% yield reduction, and 10% increase in cost. NPV without CO2 payment for conventional agroforest was 20% higher than that of organic agroforest. Contrarily, BCR for the organic system was 30% larger than for the conventional counterpart. Profitability indicators for both systems were most sensitive to the 300% interest rate. The average C sequestered was 153 ± 13 t ha−1 whereby soil contributed the largest fraction with an average of 88 ± 11 t ha−1. Total C sequestered in the organic system was 30% higher than in the conventional system. In conclusion, CO2 payments can improve the attractiveness of organic cocoa cultivation for farmers, although the paid price must be oriented to the estimated social costs caused by CO2 release rather than the currently used trading price in the EU.

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Section: Economic Profitabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economic Profitabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can carbon payments improve profitability of traditional conventional and organic cocoa agroforests? A case study in the Eastern Region of Ghana

et al. 2023

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“…Based on their formality, the endogenous and exogenous institutions could be either formal or informal (Yeboah-Assiamah et al 2017). The institutions in SSA have regulated the activities of diverse FLR actors in SSA: and have produced differential social, ecological, economic and political outcomes that are usually linked to the interest of some FLR actors (Asaaga et al 2020;Folefack and Darr 2021;Laestadius et al 2015;Walters et al 2021). Moreover, the institutional arrangements triggered by specific actors' interests also produce injustices in the local communities regarding who (does not) benefit from FLR (Elias et al 2021;Kandel et al 2021;Kariuki and Birner 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of Forest Landscape Restoration Shaped by Endogenous or Exogenous Actors and Institutions? A Systematic Review on Sub-Saharan Africa

Owusu

Kimengsi

Gießen

2023

Environmental Management

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Although ambitious, forest landscape restoration (FLR) is still very high on global climate change mitigation and adaptation research and policy agendas. The scientific literature highlights the importance of institutions and actors’ collaboration for achieving the intended outcomes. Despite these diffuse indications, a comprehensive understanding of the role played by different types of actors and institutions in shaping FLR outcomes is missing. This hinders the definition of an actor-cum-institutions research agenda for FLR, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, in this region, different actors with diverse interests shape FLR practices. Likewise, formal and informal institutions are known to collide frequently. Hence, this paper addresses the lacunae by systematically reviewing FLR actors’ interests and power manifestations and the typologies of institutions linked to FLR outcomes in SSA. The review further defines future research agendas on actors and institutions in SSA. The following lessons can be drawn from the review of 75 peer-reviewed journal articles: First, while exogenous actors are interested more in the ecological benefits of FLR, endogenous actors are interested in economic ones. Second, exogenous actors mostly use (dis-)incentives and coercion to shape the behavior of endogenous actors in FLR. Finally, while the exogenous formal institutional typology produces positive and negative ecological, economic, political, and sociocultural FLR outcomes, the endogenous formal and informal institutions produce only positive outcomes. Future studies should identify actors’ compliance levels of the exogenous and endogenous formal and informal typologies of institutions. Future studies should also analyze the effectiveness of FLR-linked institutions towards ensuring successful FLR.

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“…In the late 2000s, there was a rush towards sustainable cocoa certification in southern producing countries [6]. However, the sustainable cocoa market is still embryonic, and represents only 5% of the total volume of world marketed cocoa [1,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the merger in 2018, the UTZ certification program has partnered with the Rainforest Alliance program to promote responsible cocoa production that benefits the producer and the market [2]. Rainforest Alliance/UTZ requires that producers follow certain agricultural practices as well as social and environmental criteria and help cocoa producers to practice farming systems that protect the environment [11][12][13]7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Certification in Cameroon: Socioeconomic Determinants and Performance of Producers in Mbam Division, Center Region

Eléazar

Hugues

Shuweh

et al. 2023

AJAEES

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Aims: The present research aimed to analyse the constraints and challenges of the certification of cocoa in the mbam division, center region of cameroon. Study Design: In this study, the simple random sampling method was used for the selection of cocoa farmers in the study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the ombessa and bokito sub divisions of the mbam and inoubou division, center region of cameroon in 2022. Methodology: A total of 300 respondent cocoa farmers were randomly selected from two different sub divisions: ombessa (170) and bokito (130) farmers. Other stakeholders, exporters and agricultural extension experts were also consulted. Results: Field findings revealed that 66% of cocoa farmers in mbam have adopted certification against 34% who have not yet adopted with regards to gender, there is a high proportion of adopters of cocoa certification (65.96% for men and 66.67% for women) than the non-adopters (34.04% for men against 33.33% for the women). furthermore, majority (80%) of the respondents who have adopted cocoa certification are below 35 years of age against 20% who have not adopted. regarding the level of education, field findings also revealed that 100% of respondents with university studies have adopted the certification while a greater percent (80%) of those who have never been to school have not adopted. the results also show that majority (39%) of the respondents have an experience of 21 to 30 years in cocoa farming. Furthermore, it was found on the field that the production of certified cocoa is a decreasing function of the area exploited; it is 83.33% at less than 5ha, to 54.17% for farms of more than 10ha. majority (70.83%) of the adopters of cocoa certification here belong to producer organizations (gic, cooperatives) against 53.57% who adopted without belonging to any producer organizations. furthermore, findings also show that producers of both certified and non-certified cocoa have a better total income with an average of 5,578,812.5 fcfa, than those who produce only certified cocoa and non-certified producers. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the cocoa plantation and the adoption of certification. it also shows that the producers of certified cocoa have a better technical and economic performance than the others. The study therefore recommends that institutions should multiply financial incentives and other facilities for certified cocoa producers so that the remuneration for their effort is fair and equitable to enable them live a decent life.

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Promoting cocoa agroforestry under conditions of separated ownership of land and trees: Strengthening customary tenure institutions in Cameroon

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Can carbon payments improve profitability of traditional conventional and organic cocoa agroforests? A case study in the Eastern Region of Ghana

Can carbon payments improve profitability of traditional conventional and organic cocoa agroforests? A case study in the Eastern Region of Ghana

Outcomes of Forest Landscape Restoration Shaped by Endogenous or Exogenous Actors and Institutions? A Systematic Review on Sub-Saharan Africa

Cocoa Certification in Cameroon: Socioeconomic Determinants and Performance of Producers in Mbam Division, Center Region

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