Promoting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Fields: Effects of Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Strain, and Light
Abstract:promising alternative to fossil fuels. Water electrolysis by renewable resourcederived electricity represents a facile and green route to produce H 2. [1-13] Generally, the key to implement high-performance water splitting is to develop economically viable, efficient, and robust electrocatalysts to lower the activation potential barriers. Thus far, researchers have devoted extensive enthusiasm to the investigation of electrocatalysts. Currently, most efforts have been taken on the search for new materials, [14… Show more
“…Further research needs to be directed to reveal the relationship between the catalyst's local microenvironment and the catalytic performance. Tuning the interfacial electric field has been widely used to regulate the local environment of the catalysts because it can provide additional means to stabilize intermediates, thereby promoting the CRR. Indeed, external fields, for example, electric, and magnetic fields, have been used to improve the catalytic activity in other energy electrochemical catalysis, for instance, HER and oxygen evolution reaction 106 . Very recently, the synergistic electric‐thermal field has been used to accelerate the CRR toward the C 2+ products 107 .…”
Section: Outlook and Future Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, external fields, for example, electric, and magnetic fields, have been used to improve the catalytic activity in other energy electrochemical catalysis, for instance, HER and oxygen evolution reaction. 106 Very recently, the synergistic electric-thermal field has been used to accelerate the CRR toward the C 2+ products. 107 However, there are few studies on the effects of the external fields on the CRR activity and selectivity from the perspective of tuning the local microenvironment.…”
Converting CO2 into high‐value fuels and chemicals by renewable‐electricity‐powered electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) is a viable approach toward carbon‐emissions‐neutral processes. Unlike the thermocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 at the solid‐gas interface, the CRR takes place at the three‐phase gas/solid/liquid interface near the electrode surface in aqueous solution, which leads to major challenges including the limited mass diffusion of CO2 reactant, competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, and poor product selectivity. Here we critically examine the various methods of surface and interface engineering of the electrocatalysts to optimize the microenvironment for CRR, which can address the above issues. The effective modification strategies for the gas transport, electrolyte composition, controlling intermediate states, and catalyst engineering are discussed. The key emphasis is made on the diverse atomic‐precision modifications to increase the local CO2 concentration, lower the energy barriers for CO2 activation, decrease the H2O coverage, and stabilize intermediates to effectively control the catalytic activity and selectivity. The perspectives on the challenges and outlook for the future applications of three‐phase interface engineering for CRR and other gas‐involving electrocatalytic reactions conclude the article.
“…Further research needs to be directed to reveal the relationship between the catalyst's local microenvironment and the catalytic performance. Tuning the interfacial electric field has been widely used to regulate the local environment of the catalysts because it can provide additional means to stabilize intermediates, thereby promoting the CRR. Indeed, external fields, for example, electric, and magnetic fields, have been used to improve the catalytic activity in other energy electrochemical catalysis, for instance, HER and oxygen evolution reaction 106 . Very recently, the synergistic electric‐thermal field has been used to accelerate the CRR toward the C 2+ products 107 .…”
Section: Outlook and Future Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, external fields, for example, electric, and magnetic fields, have been used to improve the catalytic activity in other energy electrochemical catalysis, for instance, HER and oxygen evolution reaction. 106 Very recently, the synergistic electric-thermal field has been used to accelerate the CRR toward the C 2+ products. 107 However, there are few studies on the effects of the external fields on the CRR activity and selectivity from the perspective of tuning the local microenvironment.…”
Converting CO2 into high‐value fuels and chemicals by renewable‐electricity‐powered electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) is a viable approach toward carbon‐emissions‐neutral processes. Unlike the thermocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 at the solid‐gas interface, the CRR takes place at the three‐phase gas/solid/liquid interface near the electrode surface in aqueous solution, which leads to major challenges including the limited mass diffusion of CO2 reactant, competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, and poor product selectivity. Here we critically examine the various methods of surface and interface engineering of the electrocatalysts to optimize the microenvironment for CRR, which can address the above issues. The effective modification strategies for the gas transport, electrolyte composition, controlling intermediate states, and catalyst engineering are discussed. The key emphasis is made on the diverse atomic‐precision modifications to increase the local CO2 concentration, lower the energy barriers for CO2 activation, decrease the H2O coverage, and stabilize intermediates to effectively control the catalytic activity and selectivity. The perspectives on the challenges and outlook for the future applications of three‐phase interface engineering for CRR and other gas‐involving electrocatalytic reactions conclude the article.
“…With further increase of magnetic field intensity, the surface morphology of Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coatings becomes smooth and roundish; there is no evidence of nodular agglomeration of the particles. The pore defects of coatings decrease for 0.1 and 0.2 T compared to the coating obtained without a magnetic field, while for the 0.4 T the pore defects increase compared to the coatings obtained at 0.1 and 0.2 T. Namely, 0.1 and 0.2 T are most effective magnetic flux densities to reduce the hydrogen evolution in brush plating process [20]. Figure 4Morphology of coatings under different magnetic field conditions: ( a ) 0 T Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coating, ( b ) 0.1 T Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coating, ( c ) 0.2 T Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coating, ( d ) 0.3 T Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coating and ( e ) 0.4 T Ni/Al 2 O 3 composite coating and EDS analysis result.…”
In the process of electrodeposition, the magnetic field would generate the magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) effect, which affects the flow and mass transfer of hydrogen evolution. Thus, the performance of electrodeposition coatings will be affected. In this work, Ni/nano-Al
2
O
3
coatings prepared by brush plating with magnetic fields were studied. The results show that the magnetic field indeed influences the morphology, texture and wears resistance. The morphology of Ni/Al
2
O
3
coating is smooth and uniform; the (200) plane of Ni/Al
2
O
3
coating is preferentially oriented in the same direction of a magnetic field; the wear resistance of Ni/Al
2
O
3
composite coatings increases due to the uniform distribution of Al
2
O
3
particles; and the wear mechanism of coating belongs to adhesive wear. The optimal intensity of magnetic field for Ni/Al
2
O
3
composite coatings to obtain a good performance is 0.1 T.
“…Besides, external field‐assisted techniques are often applied to overcome the sluggish reaction kinetics at both sides. [ 301 ] Self‐supporting materials are considered ideal catalysts in water splitting, which is based on the following aspects: I, stabilized substrates or current collectors are needed in both of the electrode sides for the function of electron transport under high voltage and harsh electrolytes; [ 302 ] II, substrate‐based self‐supporting materials are binder‐free catalysts which not only reduce the risk of the oxidation failure of the binder at high voltage but also enhance the mass transfer rate by eliminating the impedance of binder during the electrochemical process; III, The self‐supporting structure increases the mechanical strength to some extent, which is beneficial for maintaining the pore structure and confirming the working stability of the catalysts; IV, The relatively low price makes self‐supporting materials potentially scalable. [ 28 ]…”
Section: Gas‐involved Clean Energy Systemsmentioning
Self‐supporting materials are widely adopted in gas‐involved electrocatalysis during the past few decades because of their unique physical/electrochemical properties, especially the stabilized spatial framework and the large electrochemical interfaces. Reportedly, there is no clear definition to define “self‐supporting” materials, and also, no such comprehensive reviews have fully discussed the self‐supporting materials in gas‐involved electrochemical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to provide timely updates in this potential field. In this review, for the first time, a reasonable definition of self‐supporting materials and comprehensively review the recent research progress of related electrodes in gas‐involved electrocatalytic applications is given. Firstly, it is discussed their synthetic methodologies, including design principles, different types of substrates‐ and substrate‐free structures. Subsequently, the recent advances of self‐supporting electrodes for gas‐involved key energy related electrocatalysis (i.e., hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, nitrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions) and their practical applications in water‐splitting, fuel cells and metal‐air batteries are mainly presented. Finally, a summary of the progress of self‐supporting electrocatalysts, the remaining challenges, and the perspectives are given to instruct their future development. It is expected that this review will provide new research insights for the future development of renewable energy storage and conversion systems.
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