Promoting Oriented Growth of a Polyaniline Array on Carbon Cloth through in Situ Chemical Polymerization under a High Voltage Electric Field for a Flexible Supercapacitor with High Areal Capacity and Stability

Abstract

An effective approach for boosting oriented growth of polyaniline (PANI) arrays on carbon cloth (CC) is presented through spraying and in situ chemical polymerization under a high voltage electric field for fabricating a high performance flexible supercapacitor. The morphology of PANI can be well controlled from nanocone and nanowire to nanofiber arrays by simply increasing the aniline concentration, and more importantly, significant improvement on the electrochemical properties can be efficiently achieved through constructing the desired architectures to greatly utilize synergistic interactions. The maximum gravimetric capacitance is 1269.5 F g–1 for a nanowire array, while the maximum areal capacitance is 1459.2 mF cm–2 for 1.44 mg cm–2 PANI nanofiber loading. Both the retentions in the capacitances are more than 76%, indicating that fast energy storage kinetics can be remained. Furthermore, a maximum energy density of 74.4 μWh cm–2 is delivered for the assembled flexible supercapacitor at a power density of 500.0 μW cm–2, meanwhile the rate retention of 81% and capacitance retention of up to 92% after 5000 cycles are obtained. This approach provides a great opportunity for developing advanced lightweight flexible energy storage devices and, especially, is suitable to large-scale production of PANI arrays on a conductive substrate through simply introducing a multi-needle electrospinning system.

Hydrogen Bonding-Reinforced Hydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible, Robust, and All-in-One Supercapacitor with Excellent Low-Temperature Tolerance

“…Additionally, the areal energy density and power density are shown in the Ragone plot (Figure f). The all-in-one supercapacitor exhibits an energy density of 14.2 μWh cm –2 at a power density of 0.17 mW cm –2 , which is comparable to those previously reported for supercapacitors based on MXene, , metal-organic framework, , metal oxide, , graphene, ,,, carbon-based, ,, conducting polymer-based electrodes, and PVA-based ,,, hydrogel electrolytes.…”

“…Electrochemical performance of an all-in-one supercapacitor. (a) Schematic illustration of the self-assembled supercapacitor device, (b) cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the supercapacitors with different hydrogel electrolytes at 20 mV s –1 , (c) areal capacitance from CV curves taken at different scan rates with different hydrogel electrolytes, (d) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of the supercapacitors with different hydrogel electrolytes, (e) long-term stability of the all-in-one supercapacitor device, and (f) Ragone plot of the all-in-one supercapacitor device compared with previously reported supercapacitors based on MXene, , metal-organic framework, , metal oxide, , graphene, ,,, carbon-based, ,, conducting polymer-based electrodes, and PVA-based ,,, hydrogel electrolytes.…”

“…Such strong interaction between water molecules and polymer chains prevents the formation of ice crystals and retains the water molecules for a long time in an extremely low-temperature environment. To 46,48 metal-organic framework, 49,50 metal oxide, 51,52 graphene, 44,47,53,54 carbon-based, 28,55,56 conducting polymer-based 57 electrodes, and PVA-based 17,24,45,58 S13). The storage moduli increase as temperature decreases, which demonstrates the formation of ice crystal at a lower temperature.…”

Activated Carbon Nanotube Fiber Fabric as a High-Performance Flexible Electrode for Solid-State Supercapacitors

“…20 The areal capacitance realized by our activated CNTFF electrode also exceeds that of most reported CBFF electrodes (Figure S11 and Table S1), such as electrochemically activated CFF (756 mF cm −2 at 6 mA cm −2 ), 14 hydrothermally activated GFF (1060 mF cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 ), 16 thermally activated CFF (1324 mF cm −2 at 2 mA cm −2 ), 19 thermally treated and acid-etched CFF (1385 mF cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 ), 24 and plasma-treated nitrogen-doped CFF (741 mF cm −2 at 0.5 mA cm −2 ). 22 Moreover, this capacitance is even superior to that of CFF-based hybrid electrodes, including PANI/CFF (1459.2 mF cm −2 at 10 mV s −1 ), 38 PANI/GO/CFF (1122.8 mF cm −2 at 5 mV s −1 ), 39 PPy@MnO 2 /CFF (1240 mF cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 ), 40 Fe 2 O 3 /CFF (862.12 mF cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 ), 41 Ni(OH) 2 /CFF (1248 mF cm −2 at 0.5 mA cm −2 ), 42 and Nidoped MnO 2 /CFF (1398.8 mF cm −2 at 4 mA cm −2 ). 43 It is expected that the areal capacitance can be further improved through incorporating with metal oxides and conducting polymers.…”

Composite of graphene and in-situ polymerized polyaniline on carbon cloth substrate for flexible supercapacitor

“…The C=N stretching group indicates the presence of a bond between graphene and polyaniline [27]. The bands at 1301, 1244, and 1114 cm -1 are attributed to the stretching vibrations of C-N in the aromatic ring, C-N in primary aromatic amine, and C-N in the benzenoid ring, respectively [28,29]. The meta, para, and ortho substitutions in the benzene ring are shown at 877, 802, and 705 cm -1 , while the vibration of the aryl nitro compound is given at 617 cm -1 [30].…”