Promoting Patriarchy or Dual Equality? Multiculturalism and the Immigrant Household Division of Labor

International Migration

McCaffree

2020

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How do religious accommodations for Muslim minorities shape religiosity levels among Muslims minorities? Answering this question is critical in the contemporary period, as Western European countries have experienced greater diversity in religious affiliations due to immigration. In this article, we address this question by analysing individual data across multiple waves of the European Social Survey (ESS). Our analysis improves on existing studies in that it (1) incorporates a greater number of countries than prior studies, (2) covers a historically novel period of religious accommodations for Muslim minorities and (3) more effectively controls for unmeasured country and time‐invariant processes than previous research. We find that in countries that have instituted greater religious accommodations, Muslim respondents generally report higher levels of religiosity. Interestingly, we also find that the greater institutionalization of religious accommodations for Muslims also impacts the subjective religiosity levels of Protestant majorities. We find no effect for Catholic respondents.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muslim religious accommodations in Western Europe: Do multicultural policies impact religiosity levels among Muslims, Catholics and Protestants?

International Migration

McCaffree

2020

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“…We utilized the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) from the United Nations Development Programme to measure female empowerment in politics and economics at the country-level (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2006, 2010). GEM is one of the few crossnationally comparable measure of the relative empowerment of women in politics and the economy (Kabeer, 1999;Kwon, Mahutga and Admire, 2017). GEM is an index composed of four equally weighted percentage indices: (1) the percentage share of parliamentary seats; (2) the percentage share in positions as legislators, senior officials, and managers; (3) the percentage share in professional and technical positions; and (4) the percentage share of estimated earned income.…”

Section: Measuring Female Empowermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interplay of female empowerment and subjective beliefs about women in 51 countries

Roberts

International Journal of Comparative Sociology

2021

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The durability of gender inequality in contemporary societies raises questions about the development and diffusion of inegalitarian beliefs about the roles of men and women in politics and economics. Recent comparative research suggests the empowerment of women in politics is important for promoting egalitarian beliefs about women in authoritative political roles. This study extends on this perspective by examining how female empowerment in politics and economics interplays with beliefs about the relative competency of women in these institutions. We argue the empowerment of women in politics and economics is important for reducing inegalitarian beliefs about women in these institutions, but the prevalence of these beliefs hinders female empowerment in these institutions. We test these arguments using data on 86,324 respondents in 51 countries from the fifth and sixth waves of the World Value Survey. Estimates from hierarchal linear models show individuals possess more egalitarian beliefs about women in countries with greater female empowerment in politics and economics and this effect is amplified among male respondents. In addition, estimates from seemingly unrelated regression models show the prevalence of inegalitarian gender beliefs among both men and women is associated with lower levels of female empowerment. However, the prevalence of these beliefs among male respondents exerts the greatest effect on female empowerment in politics and economics. Overall, this study shows gender beliefs and the empowerment of women in politics and economics act as mutually constitutive forces of gender inequality and ideologies in contemporary society.

“…In this paper, we specifically focus on multiculturalism as a set of concrete policies to accommodate religious and ethnic diversity. In doing so, we hope to add to a broadening empirical literature that seeks to disentangle normative political debates (which often espouse sweeping claims) into empirical research (Bloemraad and Wright, 2014; Kwon and Curran, 2016; Kwon et al, 2017; Wright and Bloemraad, 2012).…”

Section: The Civic–multiculturalist Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is unfortunate, given gay rights centrally figure into fierce contemporary sociopolitical debates over the negative consequences of multicultural policies (Ewing, 2008; Fassin, 2006). Although there is a burgeoning body of literature detailing the economic and political integration of immigrants across multicultural contexts (Koopmans, 2010; Wright and Bloemraad, 2012), this study is one of the few that examines sociocultural outcomes (Kwon et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiculturalist policies in an age of immigration: Do multiculturalist policies influence negative immigrant attitudes toward homosexuality?

Hughes

2018

Ethnicities

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In this article, we provide an empirical analysis of the relationship between multiculturalist policies and immigrant attitudes toward homosexuality. Normative discourses implicate multiculturalism as a key obstacle to the sociocultural integration between immigrants and natives within affluent democracies. At the core of this controversial debate are differences over the extent to which multiculturalism impedes or promotes the adoption of sexual norms from host societies to immigrants. However, a dearth of empirical studies has allowed political actors to levy broad, but largely speculative, claims that multiculturalist policies aggravate cultural conflicts between incoming immigrants and the values of host societies. We begin to address this issue by examining whether immigrants’ attitudes toward homosexuality vary in any direction across multicultural contexts. We find no evidence that multicultural policies exacerbate negative attitudes toward homosexuality, or facilitate the greater acceptance of sociocultural norms surrounding homosexuality for immigrants and Muslim immigrants. The findings are consistent across alternative measures of multiculturalism and two large cross-national samples: The European Social Survey and the World Values Survey. Interestingly, we find some support that multiculturalist policies may be correlated with greater acceptance of homosexuality among natives rather than immigrant respondents. However, further research is necessary to develop and unpack this potential relationship.