“…This section, therefore, does not focus on the point that rubrics studies, the rubrics were used formatively. Ten of those studies explicitly described formative uses: as a framework for instruction (Bradford et al, 2016); as the basis of individual and group activities (Auxtero & Callaman, 2021); and/or as the basis of feedback from teacher, peer, or self (Chen & Andrade, 2018;Chen et al, 2017;Hsia et al, 2016;Kim, 2019;King et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2016;Safadi, 2017;Safadi & Saadi, 2021). One study (Mahmood & Jacobo, 2019) focused on the use of sliding scale rubrics for grading, but the students used the rubrics formatively as they were preparing mathematics portfolios to submit for grading; in other words, they self-assessed as they prepared their portfolios.…”